Table 2.
The association between double oral OADs use and risk of AECOPD in T2DM patients with COPD (n = 12,916)
| Level of COPD complexity | Combination of OADs | Non-AECOPD controls | AECOPD cases | Odds ratio | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | (%) | n | (%) | Crude | (95% CI) | P | Adjusted* | (95% CI) | P | ||
| Overall | |||||||||||
| SU + AGI | 526 | (5.1) | 111 | (4.4) | 0.87 | (0.72–1.05) | 0.15 | 0.87 | (0.72–1.05) | 0.14 | |
| SU + DPP-4i | 394 | (3.8) | 89 | (3.5) | 0.92 | (0.74–1.14) | 0.43 | 0.93 | (0.75–1.15) | 0.50 | |
| SU + TZD | 247 | (2.4) | 41 | (1.6) | 0.71 | (0.52–0.97) | 0.03 | 0.69 | (0.51–0.94) | 0.02 | |
| MET + AGI | 348 | (3.4) | 79 | (3.1) | 0.92 | (0.74–1.16) | 0.48 | 0.92 | (0.73–1.15) | 0.45 | |
| MET + DPP-4i | 816 | (7.9) | 190 | (7.5) | 0.94 | (0.81–1.09) | 0.43 | 0.95 | (0.82–1.11) | 0.51 | |
| MET + TZD | 238 | (2.3) | 60 | (2.4) | 1.00 | (0.78–1.30) | 0.98 | 1.01 | (0.78–1.30) | 0.96 | |
| MET + SU | 7816 | (75.3) | 1961 | (77.5) | 1.00 | (Ref.) | 1.00 | (Ref.) | |||
| Moderate/high | |||||||||||
| SU + AGI | 290 | (5.5) | 49 | (4.0) | 0.75 | (0.56–1.00) | 0.05 | 0.77 | (0.58–1.03) | 0.08 | |
| SU + DPP-4i | 232 | (4.4) | 40 | (3.3) | 0.76 | (0.55–1.04) | 0.09 | 0.78 | (0.57–1.07) | 0.13 | |
| SU + TZD | 95 | (1.8) | 23 | (1.9) | 1.01 | (0.67–1.53) | 0.97 | 0.99 | (0.66–1.51) | 0.98 | |
| MET + AGI | 172 | (3.3) | 47 | (3.8) | 1.11 | (0.83–1.49) | 0.48 | 1.16 | (0.86–1.56) | 0.32 | |
| MET + DPP-4i | 375 | (7.1) | 78 | (6.4) | 0.89 | (0.71–1.12) | 0.33 | 0.89 | (0.70–1.13) | 0.34 | |
| MET + TZD | 92 | (1.7) | 26 | (2.1) | 1.14 | (0.77–1.68) | 0.51 | 1.15 | (0.78–1.70) | 0.48 | |
| MET + SU | 4004 | (76.1) | 959 | (78.5) | 1.00 | (Ref.) | 1.00 | (Ref.) | |||
| Low | |||||||||||
| SU + AGI | 236 | (4.6) | 62 | (4.7) | 1.00 | (0.77–1.29) | 1.00 | 0.96 | (0.74–1.24) | 0.76 | |
| SU + DPP-4i | 162 | (3.2) | 49 | (3.7) | 1.12 | (0.84–1.49) | 0.45 | 1.11 | (0.83–1.47) | 0.49 | |
| SU + TZD | 152 | (3.0) | 18 | (1.4) | 0.51 | (0.32–0.81) | < 0.01 | 0.50 | (0.32–0.80) | < 0.01 | |
| MET + AGI | 176 | (3.4) | 32 | (2.4) | 0.74 | (0.52–1.05) | 0.09 | 0.74 | (0.52–1.05) | 0.10 | |
| MET + DPP-4i | 441 | (8.6) | 112 | (8.6) | 0.97 | (0.80–1.18) | 0.78 | 0.99 | (0.81–1.21) | 0.90 | |
| MET + TZD | 146 | (2.8) | 34 | (2.6) | 0.91 | (0.64–1.28) | 0.58 | 0.93 | (0.66–1.32) | 0.70 | |
| MET + SU | 3812 | (74.4) | 1002 | (76.5) | 1.00 | (Ref.) | 1.00 | (Ref.) | |||
*Adjusted for age, sex, DM status, previous and coexisting disease conditions, modified CCI, complexity of COPD and COPD medications listed in Table 1
AECOPD acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AGI α-glucosidase inhibitors, CCI Charlson comorbidity index, CI confidence interval, DPP‐4i dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor, DM diabetes, MET metformin, OADs oral antihyperglycemic drugs, OR odd ratio, Ref. reference group, SU sulfonylurea, TZD thiazolidinediones