Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of EMPA group
| Early DMCMP group (n = 16) | Advanced DMCMP group (n = 19) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Backgrounds | |||
| Age (years old) | 63.1 ± 10.4 | 69.2 ± 9.0 | 0.070 |
| Male gender (%) | 14 (87.5) | 12 (63.2) | 0.097 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.3 ± 5.0 | 23.1 ± 3.8 | 0.147 |
| NYHA class | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 0.146 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127.0 ± 18.6 | 119.3 ± 13.0 | 0.159 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.9 ± 7.8 | 78.1 ± 9.1 | 0.698 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 80.4 ± 9.1 | 78.2 ± 11.6 | 0.519 |
| Hypertension (%) | 13 (81.3) | 16 (84.2) | 0.823 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 13 (81.3) | 16 (84.2) | 0.823 |
| T2DM duration (months)* | 22 (19–28) | 99 (72–118) | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 14.7 ± 1.8 | 13.7 ± 2.7 | 0.241 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.4 ± 1.7 | 8.1 ± 1.3 | 0.586 |
| Sodium (mEq/l) | 139.4 ± 2.3 | 138.8 ± 3.9 | 0.560 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 73.7 (73.0–77.8) | 64.7 (58.4–77.2) | 0.185 |
| BNP (pg/ml) | 459 (383–709) | 498 (285–807) | 0.894 |
| C-peptide immunoreactivity index | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.062 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 42.1 ± 3.8 | 40.8 ± 5.7 | 0.432 |
| UCG characteristics | |||
| LAD (mm) | 43 (41–46) | 44 (39–46) | 0.987 |
| LVDd (mm) | 50 (48–53) | 52 (49–58) | 0.280 |
| LVEF (%) * | 55.9 ± 10.0 | 48.4 ± 9.8 | 0.032 |
| LVGLS (absolute value) (%) | 7.9 ± 2.4 | 6.7 ± 3.0 | 0.207 |
| E/e′ | 13.2 ± 6.1 | 12.6 ± 3.8 | 0.694 |
| CMR characteristics | |||
| LVEDV index (ml/m2) | 56.7 ± 14.4 | 65.6 ± 18.4 | 0.125 |
| LVM index (g/m2) | 55.9 ± 10.0 | 48.4 ± 9.8 | 0.698 |
| Native T1 value (ms)* | 1224.6 ± 47.4 | 1365.8 ± 52.7 | < 0.001 |
| ECV (%) | 27.5 ± 1.9 | 38.7 ± 5.3 | – |
| Medications | |||
| β blocker (%) | 7 (43.8) | 11 (57.9) | 0.419 |
| ACEi (%) | 2 (12.5) | 2 (10.5) | 0.860 |
| ARB (%) | 12 (75.0) | 14 (73.7) | 0.932 |
| Loop diuretics (%) | 13 (81.3) | 15 (78.9) | 0.823 |
| MRA (%) | 3 (18.8) | 2 (10.5) | 0.503 |
| Empagliflozin (%) | 16 (100) | 19 (100) | – |
| Metformin (%) | 4 (25.0) | 8 (42.1) | 0.297 |
| DPP4i (%) | 13 (81.3) | 15 (78.9) | 0.870 |
| GLP-1 agonist (%) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (10.5) | 0.163 |
| Thiazolidine (%) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (10.5) | 0.163 |
| Sulfonylurea (%) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (5.3) | 0.904 |
| α-GI (%) | 1 (6.3) | 5 (26.3) | 0.109 |
Data are means ± SD for normally distributed data and medians and interquartile ranges for non-normally distributed data, or n (%). All statistical tests were 2-tailed, and p < 0.05 was considered significant (*). ECV denotes extra-cellular volume fraction. Other abbreviations as in Table 1