Table 5.
Loaded molecule | Metal core | Surface modifications | Dose | Admin. route | In vitro/in vivo Model | Results | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
– | Iron oxide | NIR Fluorescent probe | 10 ng/mL | Incubation |
Aβ42 induced SH-SY5Y cells |
MNPs can simultaneously perform in vivo NIR fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging of Aβ plaques in the brain of transgenic mice, prevent Aβ aggregation, disaggregate preformed Aβ fibrils and play a protective effect on the toxicity of human neuroblastoma cells induced by Aβ42 | Cai et al. [201] |
0.2 mmol Fe/kg | i.v | APP/PS1 mice | |||||
– | Iron oxide | chitosan | NA | Exposition | Synthetic urine | MNPs were used to fabricate a highly sensitive AChE electrochemical biosensor. The novel biosensor exhibits the lower limit of detection of ACh that has been reported in the literature. It also shows good recoveries in the determination of ACh in synthetic urine | da Silva et al. [192] |
– | Selenium | Chondroitin sulfate | 1.45 µg/mL | Incubation | SH-SY5Y cells | MNPs inhibit Aβ aggregation, protect SH-SY5Y cells from Aβ42-induced cytotoxicity, decrease okadaic acid-induced actin cytoskeleton instability, In addition, decrease the levels of ROS and MDA, increase the levels of GSH-Px, and attenuate the hyperphosphorylation of tau by regulating the expression of GSK-3b | Gao et al. [195] |
– | Cerium dioxide | Zirconium | 4 mg/m3 for 3–5 h/day | i.n |
5xFAD mice ApoE-/- mice |
The inhalation exposure to the MNPs promotes changes in forced motor performance and exploratory motor activity in ApoE-/- and 5xFAD mice, respectively | Wahle et al. 2020 |
Quercetin | Gold / Palladium | Polysorbate 80 | 5–40 µg/mL | Incubation | SH-SY5Y cells | MNPs activate autophagy of SH-SY5Y cells, promote the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes, accelerate the clearance of Aβ, and protect SH-SY5Y cells from Aβ -induced cytotoxicity damage. MNPs are not toxic both in vitro and in vivo | Liu et al. [194] |
1 mg/kg | i.v | Nude mice | |||||
– |
Iron oxide Cadmium sulfide |
F. oxysporum and Verticillium sp. proteins | 5 − 100 μg/mL | incubation | Neuro2a cells | MNPs do not affect the viability of neuroblastoma cells and show dual properties of inhibition and disaggregation of Tau fibrillar aggregates | Sonawane et al. [198] |
– | Palladium | Bioactive Hydrogen | 6.25–25 µg/ml | incubation | N2a-SW cells | Developed MNPs are able to recover mitochondrial dysfunction, inhibit Aβ generation and aggregation, block synaptic and neuronal apoptosis and promote neuronal energy metabolism by eliminating oxidative stress and activating the anti-oxidative pathway, consequently ameliorating the cognitive impairment in AD mice | Zhang et al. [200] |
2µL of MNPs (0.5–2 mg/ml) | Stereotaxic injection | APP/PS1 mice | |||||
– | Silver | PrP95-110 | 1.2 nM | Incubation | Aβ enriched CSF and serum | Authors report an electrochemical method for the detection of Aβ oligomer with a peptide as the bio-receptor and silver MNPs aggregates as the redox reporters | Xing et al. [193] |
CQ | Gold | – | 0.5 mg/mL | Incubation | PC12 cells | In this system, CQ is released only upon exposure to conditions in which H2O2 levels are high, such as those in Aβ plaques. NPs inhibit Aβ40 aggregation, and reduce the cell membrane disruption, microtubular defects and ROS-mediated apoptosis | Yang et al. [199] |
5, 10, 20 mg/kg | i.v | ICR mice |
Ach, acetylcholine; CQ, metal chelator Clioquinol; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; MDA, malondialdehyde; NIR, phenothiazine-based near-infrared fluorescent dye; PrP95-110, cellular prion protein; ROS, reactive oxygen species; STZ, streptozotocin