Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Patients According to COVID-19 Status and Occurrence of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
| Patients with SAH and COVID-19 (n = 86) | Patients with SAH but without COVID-19 (n = 376) | Patients with COVID-19 but without SAH (n = 85,559) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | |||
| Mean ± SD∗ | 60.5 ± 17.7 | 62.0 ± 19.6 | 49.7 ± 21.3 |
| <35∗ | 10 (11.6%) | 43 (11.4%) | 24,940 (29.1%) |
| 35–54 | 16 (18.6%) | 73 (19.4%) | 23,189 (27.1%) |
| 55–70∗† | 35 (40.7%) | 111 (29.5%) | 20,417 (23.9%) |
| >70∗ | 25 (29.1%) | 149 (39.6%) | 17,013 (19.9%) |
| Sex | |||
| Men | 47 (54.7%) | 167 (44.4%) | 38,650 (45.2%) |
| Women | 39 (45.3%) | 206 (54.8%) | 46,533 (54.4%) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White, non-Hispanic† | 28 (32.6%) | 203 (54%) | 26,596 (31.1%) |
| African American† | 17 (19.8%) | 44 (11.7%) | 16,346 (19.1%) |
| Hispanic | 30 (34.9%) | 94 (25%) | 33,774 (39.5%) |
| Other | 11 (12.8%) | 35 (9.3%) | 8843 (10.3%) |
| Hypertension∗ | 59 (68.6%) | 277 (73.7%) | 40,822 (47.7%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 29 (33.7%) | 130 (34.6%) | 26,352 (30.8%) |
| Nicotine dependence/tobacco use∗ | 24 (27.9%) | 99 (26.3%) | 13,489 (15.8%) |
| Hyperlipidemia∗ | 42 (48.8%) | 187 (49.7%) | 29,138 (34.1%) |
| Atrial fibrillation∗ | 25 (29.1%) | 87 (23.1%) | 8615 (10.1%) |
| Congestive heart failure∗ | 18 (20.9%) | 96 (25.5%) | 10,705 (12.5%) |
| Previous SAH∗ | 12 (14%) | 52 (13.8%) | 172 (0.2%) |
| In-hospital events | |||
| Length of hospitalization, days, mean ± SD∗† | 22 ± 21 | 10 ± 12 | 10 ± 12 |
| Ischemic stroke, including cerebral ischemia∗ | 21 (24.4%) | 88 (23.4%) | 1693 (2%) |
| Cerebral vasospasm∗ | 2 (2.3%) | 12 (3.2%) | 3 (0%) |
| Intracerebral hemorrhage∗ | 25 (29.1%) | 122 (32.4%) | 191 (0.2%) |
| New transient cerebral ischemic attacks | 1 (1.2%) | 3 (0.8%) | 255 (0.3%) |
| Cerebral edema∗ | 21 (24.4%) | 94 (25%) | 211 (0.2%) |
| Pneumonia∗† | 50 (58.1%) | 80 (21.3%) | 32,602 (38.1%) |
| Deep venous thrombosis | 4 (4.7%) | 29 (7.7%) | 1646 (1.9%) |
| Pulmonary embolism∗ | 6 (7%) | 13 (3.5%) | 1349 (1.6%) |
| Urinary tract infection∗ | 16 (18.6%) | 72 (19.1%) | 7361 (8.6%) |
| Acute kidney injury∗† | 37 (43%) | 104 (27.7%) | 12,759 (14.9%) |
| Hepatic failure∗ | 5 (5.8%) | 18 (4.8%) | 948 (1.1%) |
| Cardiac arrest∗ | 6 (7%) | 23 (6.1%) | 1520 (1.8%) |
| Acute myocardial infarction∗ | 6 (7%) | 30 (8%) | 2208 (2.6%) |
| SIRS | 0 (0%) | 5 (1.3%) | 732 (0.9%) |
| Septic shock∗† | 38 (44.2%) | 78 (20.7%) | 12,156 (14.2%) |
| Respiratory failure∗† | 55 (64%) | 147 (39.1%) | 21,922 (25.6%) |
| Received intubation/mechanical ventilation∗ | 20 (23.3%) | 65 (17.3%) | 3716 (4.3%) |
| Received angioplasty∗ | 1 (1.2%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (0%) |
| Received ventriculostomy∗ | 2 (2.3%) | 28 (7.4%) | 15 (0%) |
| Received coil placement | 0 (0%) | 12 (3.2%) | 4 (0%) |
| Received clip placement | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.5%) | 1 (0%) |
| Received intraventricular catheter∗ | 2 (2.3%) | 26 (6.9%) | 11 (0%) |
| Received intracranial pressure monitor | 0 (0%) | 5 (1.3%) | 2 (0%) |
| Received tracheostomy∗ | 7 (8.1%) | 15 (4%) | 419 (0.5%) |
| Outcome | |||
| Nonroutine discharge or in-hospital death∗ | 60 (69.8%) | 247 (65.7%) | 22,117 (25.8%) |
| Died in hospital∗† | 27 (31.4%) | 46 (12.2%) | 5834 (6.8%) |
SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
∗
Significant difference between COVID-19 patients with SAH compared with COVID-19 patients without SAH.
†
Significant difference between SAH patients with COVID-19 compared with SAH patients without COVID-19.