. 2021 Apr 27;21(5):305–320. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2671

Table 4.

Sixty-Five Outbreaks Involving Humans and Animals Reported in 54 Articles Between 1933 and 2018

Geographical location	Year(s)	No. of animal cases reported	No. of human cases reported	Reference
North America
Canada
Quebec	2008	Horses (19), emus (32 suspected 3 confirmed)^a		Chenier et al. (2010)
Caribbean
Dominican Republic	1948–1949	Equine (516)^a	13^a	Eklund et al. (1950)
Dominican Republic	1978	Equine (∼3600)^a		Calisher et al. (1979)
Jamaica	1962	Equine (11)^a	12^a	Belle et al. (1964); Hart et al. (1964)
Central
Mexico	1996	Horses (113)^a		Brault et al. (1999)
United States
Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana	1948–1949	Horses and mules (17)		Kissling and Rubin (1951)
Connecticut	1951	Pheasants (495)^a		Luginbuhl et al. (1958)
	1951	Pheasants (610)		Luginbuhl et al. (1958)
	1951	Pheasants (200)^a		Luginbuhl et al. (1958)
	1951	Pheasants (350)^a		Luginbuhl et al. (1958)
	1953	Pheasants (800)^a, rat (1)^a		Liao (1955); Luginbuhl et al. (1958)
	1955	Pheasants (1300)^a		Luginbuhl et al. (1958)
	1955	Pheasants (7000)		Luginbuhl et al. (1958)
	1956	Pheasants		Luginbuhl et al. (1958)
	1972	Pheasants (27)^a, turkeys (2)^a, quail (1)^a, dove (1)^a, equine (9)^a		Bryant et al. (1973)
	2003	African penguins (14)^a		Tuttle et al. (2005)
Florida	1965	Equine (13), sentinel chicken flock (1), chukar partridge (1)	1	Bigler et al. (1976)
	1966	Equine (96)		Bigler et al. (1976)
	1994	Duck (1), piglets		Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1995)
	2018	Emu flocks (5)		Florida Department of Health (2018)
Georgia	1991	Pigs (8 from 3 litters)^a		Elvinger et al. (1994)
	1991	Pigs (350 from 38 litters)^a, sows (10), boar (1), pigs (8)		Elvinger et al. (1994)
	1991	Horse (1 confirmed, 4 suspected)		Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1991)
	1991	Commercial quail		Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1991)
Louisiana	1947	Horses/mules (31), cows (2), chickens (4), geese (1), pigeons (1), dog (1)	32 suspected, 10 confirmed^a	Hauser (1948); Howitt et al. (1948); Dent (1955)
	1991	Emus (2) from a flock of 24^a		Tully Jr et al. (1992)
	1999	Horses (97)^a	2	Louisiana Department of Health (2017)
Maine	2009	Horses (15)^a, llama (1), ring-necked pheasant flocks (3), wild turkeys		Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2009); Lubelczyk et al. (2013)
Maryland	1984	Whooping cranes and Sandhill cranes (7 clinical cases, 14 seropositive)^a		Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1985); Dein et al. (1986)
Maryland	1989	Pheasant flock (1500 birds—not sure how many +)^a		Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1989)
Massachusetts	1938	Horses (6 confirmed 245 suspected)	38 suspected, 8 confirmed^a	Feemster (1938); Fothergill et al. (1938); Webster and Wright (1938); Farber et al. (1940); Ayres and Feemster (1949); Massachusetts Department of Health (2018)
	1955	Pheasants (3)^a		Faddoul and Fellows (1965)
	1955–1956		16^a	Massachusetts Department of Health (2018)
	1956	Pheasants (24)^a		Faddoul and Fellows (1965)
	1959	Pheasants (1)^a		Faddoul and Fellows (1965)
	1973–1974		6^a	Massachusetts Department of Health (2018)
	1982–1984		10^a	Massachusetts Department of Health (2018)
	1990–1992		4^a	Massachusetts Department of Health (2018)
	2004–2006		13^a	Massachusetts Department of Health (2018)
Michigan	1942	Horses (102)		Ross and Kaneene (1996)
	1943	Horses (367)		Ross and Kaneene (1996)
	1973	Horses (26)		Ross and Kaneene (1996)
	1980	Horses (94)		Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1980); Kappus et al. (1982); Ross and Kaneene (1996)
	1981	Horses (56)		Ross and Kaneene (1996)
	1982	Horses (10)		Ross and Kaneene (1996)
	1991	Horses (14 confirmed 41 suspect)^a		Ross and Kaneene (1995, 1996)
	2005	White-tailed deer (7)^a		Schmitt et al. (2007)
New Jersey	1959	Horses (66)^a, pheasants (18 flocks)	32^a	Goldfield and Sussman (1968)
New York	1971	Equine (3)^a	1	Morris et al. (1973)
	1974	Horses (15)		Morris et al. (1975)
	1976	Horses (37, 19 suspected)		Srihongse et al. (1978)
	1982–1983	Equine (9)^a	1	Howard et al. (1988)
	1988	Rufous-sided towhee (2), birds (6)		Howard et al. (2004)
	1990	Common yellowthroat (19), rufous-sided towhee (10), song sparrow (108), birds (18), gray catbird (87), red-eyed vireo (29), veery (28), field sparrow (9), cedar waxing (19), black-capped chickadee (21), wood thrush (7), American robin (6), eastern phoebe (15)		Howard et al. (2004)
Ohio	1991	Horses (12 confirmed 7 probable)		Nasci et al. (1993)
Rhode Island	1956	Pheasants (4), chukar partridge (1), wild sparrow (1)^a, quail (1)		Dardiri et al. (1957)
South Carolina	1977	Quail ^a		Eleazer et al. (1978)
Southeastern seaboard (including FL, GA, SC) and Midwestern states (including OH, and MI)	1991	Horses^a		Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1992)
Tennessee	2005	Equine (8)		Mukherjee et al. (2012)
Tennessee	2008	Equine (6)^a		Mukherjee et al. (2012)
Vermont	2011	Emus (21)^a		Saxton-Shaw et al. (2015)
Virginia	1933	Horses^a and mules^a		Giltner and Shanan (1933)
AL, FL, GA, LA, NJ, SC, MI, MS, MD, NC, RI, TN, VA, DE (human cases were in MS, MD, NC, SC)	1989	Equine (194–196)	9^a	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1990); Letson et al. (1993)
AL, AR, CT, FL, GA, LA, MD, MS, NC, RI, TX, VA, WA	1996–1997	Emus		Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1998)
East and Gulf Coast	1982	Pheasants, quail, horses		Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1983)

^{^a}

Case fatalities reported.