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. 2021 Apr 16;12:642549. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.642549

Table 5.

Effects of experimental treatments on ileal and colonic fermentation.

Treatment RSD p
Day PI CTR+ PRO PRE SYN CTR−
Ileum
pH 4 6.49c 6.58bc 6.94a 6.70abc 6.86ab 0.169 <0.001*
8 6.53 6.52 6.41 6.56 6.57 0.110 0.044*
NH3 (mmol/L) 4 1.99 1.86 0.99 1.84 1.53 0.973 0.390
8 2.69a 1.38b 1.52b 1.59b 2.04ab 0.835 0.044*
Lactic acid (mmol/kg) 4 35.8 18.1 5.6 8.3 16.7 27.48 0.368
8 19.8 24.5 27.6 23.1 12.5 19.60 0.742
SCFA (mmol/kg) 4 3.85 3.59 2.33 4.71 1.99 2.306 0.288
8 2.67 3.07 2.59 3.37 3.47 1.662 0.849
Colon
pH 4 6.04c 6.11bc 6.35abc 6.66a 6.54ab 0.389 0.041*
8 6.02 5.92 6.04 5.95 5.79 0.307 0.149
NH3 (mmol/L) 4 16.4a 10.6ab 7.2b 10.6ab 12.7ab 4.86 0.007*
8 8.84 6.63 7.15 9.02 9.16 3.01 0.477
Lactic acid (mmol/kg) 4 2.57 0.56 2.71 0.26 0.27 3.542 0.550
8 0.85 0.43 0.10 0.00 7.27 4.877 0.119
SCFA(mmol/kg) 4 124.1 105.7 100.6 75.5 78.1 33.72 0.085
8 130.9 136.2 137.3 127.4 145.4 32.07 0.442
Molar ratio of SCFA (%)
 Acetic 4 50.7 58.6 59.6 52.8 55.4 5.99 0.057
8 50.3ab 55.3a 48.7b 46.4b 48.7b 3.44 0.004*
 Propionic 4 26.6 25.1 26.7 28.5 28.1 3.68 0.518
8 26.1 25.9 29.7 28.2 25.8 3.76 0.317
 Butyric 4 16.1 12.9 10.2 12.6 11.1 5.48 0.332
8 17.6 14.2 14.1 16.7 18.2 3.33 0.118
 Valeric 4 4.20a 1.70b 1.72b 2.30b 2.37ab 1.665 0.047*
8 3.85ab 2.97b 5.28ab 6.23a 5.49ab 2.018 0.011*
 BCFA 4 2.30ab 1.70b 1.74ab 3.73a 2.95ab 1.119 0.031*
8 2.12 1.65 2.24 2.51 1.77 0.743 0.097

This table includes values corresponding to pH, ammonia concentration (NH3; mmol/L of FM), lactic acid (mmol/L of FM), total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA; mmol/L of FM), and molar ratio of these SFCA. CTR+: non-inoculated animals receiving placebo; PRO: inoculated animals receiving the probiotics; PRE: inoculated animals receiving the prebiotic; SYN: inoculated animals receiving the synbiotic; CTR−: inoculated animals receiving placebo. N = 6 for all groups except for non-challenged animals (N = 8). Values of p were obtained by an ANOVA using the generalized linear procedure in R software. a,b,cIndicate statistically significant differences between groups. BCFA, branched-chain fatty acids; NH3, ammonia concentration; PI, post-inoculation; RSD, relative standard deviation; SFCA, short-chain fatty acids. To differentiate RSD and values of p from the results numbers, they are in italics. *indicates that values of p are <0.05 and statistical difference is present.