Table 5.
Treatment | RSD | p | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Day PI | CTR+ | PRO | PRE | SYN | CTR− | |||
Ileum | ||||||||
pH | 4 | 6.49c | 6.58bc | 6.94a | 6.70abc | 6.86ab | 0.169 | <0.001* |
8 | 6.53 | 6.52 | 6.41 | 6.56 | 6.57 | 0.110 | 0.044* | |
NH3 (mmol/L) | 4 | 1.99 | 1.86 | 0.99 | 1.84 | 1.53 | 0.973 | 0.390 |
8 | 2.69a | 1.38b | 1.52b | 1.59b | 2.04ab | 0.835 | 0.044* | |
Lactic acid (mmol/kg) | 4 | 35.8 | 18.1 | 5.6 | 8.3 | 16.7 | 27.48 | 0.368 |
8 | 19.8 | 24.5 | 27.6 | 23.1 | 12.5 | 19.60 | 0.742 | |
SCFA (mmol/kg) | 4 | 3.85 | 3.59 | 2.33 | 4.71 | 1.99 | 2.306 | 0.288 |
8 | 2.67 | 3.07 | 2.59 | 3.37 | 3.47 | 1.662 | 0.849 | |
Colon | ||||||||
pH | 4 | 6.04c | 6.11bc | 6.35abc | 6.66a | 6.54ab | 0.389 | 0.041* |
8 | 6.02 | 5.92 | 6.04 | 5.95 | 5.79 | 0.307 | 0.149 | |
NH3 (mmol/L) | 4 | 16.4a | 10.6ab | 7.2b | 10.6ab | 12.7ab | 4.86 | 0.007* |
8 | 8.84 | 6.63 | 7.15 | 9.02 | 9.16 | 3.01 | 0.477 | |
Lactic acid (mmol/kg) | 4 | 2.57 | 0.56 | 2.71 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 3.542 | 0.550 |
8 | 0.85 | 0.43 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 7.27 | 4.877 | 0.119 | |
SCFA(mmol/kg) | 4 | 124.1 | 105.7 | 100.6 | 75.5 | 78.1 | 33.72 | 0.085 |
8 | 130.9 | 136.2 | 137.3 | 127.4 | 145.4 | 32.07 | 0.442 | |
Molar ratio of SCFA (%) | ||||||||
Acetic | 4 | 50.7 | 58.6 | 59.6 | 52.8 | 55.4 | 5.99 | 0.057 |
8 | 50.3ab | 55.3a | 48.7b | 46.4b | 48.7b | 3.44 | 0.004* | |
Propionic | 4 | 26.6 | 25.1 | 26.7 | 28.5 | 28.1 | 3.68 | 0.518 |
8 | 26.1 | 25.9 | 29.7 | 28.2 | 25.8 | 3.76 | 0.317 | |
Butyric | 4 | 16.1 | 12.9 | 10.2 | 12.6 | 11.1 | 5.48 | 0.332 |
8 | 17.6 | 14.2 | 14.1 | 16.7 | 18.2 | 3.33 | 0.118 | |
Valeric | 4 | 4.20a | 1.70b | 1.72b | 2.30b | 2.37ab | 1.665 | 0.047* |
8 | 3.85ab | 2.97b | 5.28ab | 6.23a | 5.49ab | 2.018 | 0.011* | |
BCFA | 4 | 2.30ab | 1.70b | 1.74ab | 3.73a | 2.95ab | 1.119 | 0.031* |
8 | 2.12 | 1.65 | 2.24 | 2.51 | 1.77 | 0.743 | 0.097 |
This table includes values corresponding to pH, ammonia concentration (NH3; mmol/L of FM), lactic acid (mmol/L of FM), total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA; mmol/L of FM), and molar ratio of these SFCA. CTR+: non-inoculated animals receiving placebo; PRO: inoculated animals receiving the probiotics; PRE: inoculated animals receiving the prebiotic; SYN: inoculated animals receiving the synbiotic; CTR−: inoculated animals receiving placebo. N = 6 for all groups except for non-challenged animals (N = 8). Values of p were obtained by an ANOVA using the generalized linear procedure in R software. a,b,cIndicate statistically significant differences between groups. BCFA, branched-chain fatty acids; NH3, ammonia concentration; PI, post-inoculation; RSD, relative standard deviation; SFCA, short-chain fatty acids. To differentiate RSD and values of p from the results numbers, they are in italics. *indicates that values of p are <0.05 and statistical difference is present.