Table 1.
Baseline patient and tumor characteristics according to the radiomics score in the training and validation cohorts.
| Characteristic | Category | Training | Validation | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 65 | 23 | ||
| Age at initial diagnosis (years) | Mean age (y) | 2.99 ± 2.44 | 3.09 ± 3.32 | 0.407 |
| ≤2 | 53 (81.5%) | 13 (56.5%) | ||
| 3–7 | 8 (12.3%) | 8 (34.7%) | ||
| ≥8 | 4 (6.1%) | 2 (8.6%) | ||
| Sex | 0.648 | |||
| Male | 43 (14%) | 14 (60.8%) | ||
| Female | 22 (33.8%) | 9 (39.1%) | ||
| Serum AFP concentration, ng/mL | 0.395 | |||
| ≤100 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 101–1,000 | 2 (3%) | 1 (4.3%) | ||
| >1,000 | 63 (96.9%) | 22 (95.6%) | ||
| Histological subtype | 0.903 | |||
| Fetal | 23 (35.3%) | 7 (30.4%) | ||
| Embryonal | 2 (3%) | 1 (4.3%) | ||
| Epithelial mixed | 16 (24.6%) | 5 (21.7%) | ||
| Mixed epithelial/mesenchymal | 24 (36.9%) | 10 (43.4%) | ||
| PRETEXT group | 0.196 | |||
| I | 9 (13.8%) | 7 (30.4%) | ||
| II | 31 (47.6%) | 9 (39.1%) | ||
| III | 14 (21.5%) | 4 (17.3%) | ||
| IV | 11 (16.9%) | 3 (13.0%) | ||
| Annotation factors | ||||
| V (HV or IVC involvement) | Yes | 12 (18.4%) | 1 (4.3%) | 0.101 |
| P (PV involvement) | Yes | 17 (26.1%) | 2 (8.6%) | 0.08 |
| E (extrahepatic tumor extension) | Yes | 2 (3%) | 2 (8.6%) | |
| F (multifocality) | Yes | 17 (26.1%) | 4 (17.3%) | 0.397 |
| R (tumor rupture) | Yes | 3 (4.6%) | 2 (8.6%) | 0.468 |
| C (caudate involvement) | Yes | 9 (13.8%) | 2 (8.6%) | 0.073 |
| N (lymph node metastasis) | Yes | 6 (9.2%) | 1 (4.3%) | 0.457 |
| M (distant metastasis) | Yes | 10 (15.3%) | 4 (17.3%) | 0.662 |
| One or more of V, P, E, F, R | Yes | 26 (40%) | 6 (26%) | 0.233 |
| CHIC-HS risk stratification | 0.615 | |||
| Very low/low | 35 (53.8) | 15 (65.2%) | ||
| Intermediate | 13 (20%) | 3 (13.0%) | ||
| High | 17 (26.1%) | 5 (21.7%) | ||
| Number of deaths | 17 (26.1%) | 5 (21.7%) | 0.674 | |
| Follow-up time (month) | Median | 30 | 27 | 0.391 |
| Maximum | 143 | 97 | ||
| EFS | Median (month) | 19 | 20 | 0.569 |
| Event | 27 (41.5%) | 7 (30%) | 0.347 | |
| No event | 38 (58.4%) | 16 (69.5%) | ||
| Preoperative chemotherapy | 13 (20%) | 5 (21.7%) | ||
| Surgical resection | 46 (70%) | 15 (65.2%) | ||
| Orthotopic liver transplantation | 1 | 0 | ||
| Resection of pulmonary metastases | 1 | 0 |
AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; PRETEXT, 2017 PRE-Treatment EXTent of tumor; HV, hepatic vein; IVC, inferior vena cava; PV, portal vein; CHIC-HS, Children's Hepatic tumors International Collaboration-Hepatoblastoma Stratification; EFS, event-free survival.