Table 1.
Inventory of conserved cytoskeletal proteins associated with the MT cytoskeleton.
| GiardiaDB | Protein name | Protein family | PFAM | BB | AX | DSC | MB | FN | SN | MS | Other localization | Evidence | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alpha- and beta-tubulins | |||||||||||||
| GL50803_103676 | Alpha-tubulin 1 | Tubulin | PF00091 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | HOM, IFA | Campanati et al. (2003) | |
| GL50803_112079 | Alpha-tubulin 2 | Tubulin | PF00091 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | HOM, IFA | Campanati et al. (2003) | |
| GL50803_101291 | Beta-tubulin 1 | Tubulin | PF00091 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | HOM, IFA, GFP, mNG | Campanati et al. (2003) and Hardin et al. (2017) | |
| GL50803_136021 | Beta-tubulin 2 | Tubulin | PF00091 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | HOM, IFA | Campanati et al. (2003) | |
| GL50803_136020 | Beta-tubulin 3 | Tubulin | PF00091 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | HOM, IFA | Campanati et al. (2003) | |
| Basal body/gamma-TuRC complex | |||||||||||||
| GL50803_6744 | Centrin | Centrin | PF13499 | X | HOM, IFA | Belhadri (1995) | |||||||
| GL50803_104685 | Centrin | Centrin | PF13499 | X | HOM, IFA, GFP | Meng et al. (1996), Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||||
| GL50803_5462 | Delta-tubulin | Tubulin | PF00091 | Cytoplasm | HOM, GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||||
| GL50803_6336 | Epsilon-tubulin | Tubulin | PF00091 | Cytoplasm | HOM, GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||||
| GL50803_114218 | Gamma-tubulin | Tubulin | PF00091 | X | Cytoplasm | HOM, IFA, GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB), Lauwaet et al. (2011) | ||||||
| GL50803_17429 | GCP2 | Spc97_Spc98 | PF04130 | n.d. | HOM | Morrison et al. (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_12057 | GCP3 | Spc97_Spc98 | PF04130 | X | X | X | HOM, GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||
| GL50803_4689 | Hypothetical protein | None | None | X | X | EPI | Lauwaet et al. (2011) | ||||||
| GL50803_4692 | Hypothetical protein | None | None | X | EPI | Lauwaet et al. (2011) | |||||||
| GL50803_104150 | Polo-like kinase, PLK | Ser/Thr kinase domain, POLO box domain | PF00659 | X | EPI | Lauwaet et al. (2011) | |||||||
| GL50803_16220 | Ankyrin repeat protein | Ankyrin repeat domain | PF12796 | X | Plasma membrane, cytoplasm | GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | ||||||
| GL50803_5333 | Calmodulin | EF-hand domain | PF13499 | X | Plasma membrane | GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | ||||||
| GL50803_11487 | Conserved hypothetical protein | None | None | X | GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||||
| GL50803_16192 | Hypothetical protein | None | None | X | X | GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | ||||||
| GL50803_15193 | Hypothetical protein | None | None | X | IFA, GFP | Lauwaet et al. (2011), Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||||
| GL50803_9665 | Nek kinase GK272 | NEK | PF00069 | X | Plasma membrane | GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | ||||||
| MT dynamics/regulators | |||||||||||||
| GL50803_14373 | Dynamin | Dynamin | PF00350 | Plasma membrane | GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||||
| GL50803_14048 | EB1 | EB1-like C-terminal motif | PF03271 | X | X | X | Nuclear membrane | GFP | Dawson et al. (2007) | ||||
| GL50803_15368 | Katanin (p60) | AAA ATPase family | PF00004 | X | X | X | GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||
| GL50803_11953 | Katanin (p80) | WD-40 repeat protein | PF00400 | n.d. | HOM | Morrison et al. (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_15054 | Kelch repeat domain containing protein | Kelch2 repeat domain | PF0646 | X | GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||||
| GL50803_94322 | Spastin | AAA ATPase family | PF00004 | X | GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||||
| GL50803_91480 | stu2 | Stu2 family | None | n.d. | HOM | Morrison et al. (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_16893 | Tip elongation aberrant protein 1 | Kelch2 repeat domain | PF0646 | X | GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||||
| GL50803_16535 | Tubulin-specific chaperone E | CAP-GLY | PF01302 | n.d. | HOM | Morrison et al. (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_96399 | xmap215 | XMAP215 family | None | n.d. | HOM | Morrison et al. (2007) | |||||||
| Tubulin modification | |||||||||||||
| GL50803_95661 | Tubulin tyrosine ligase | Tubulin tyrosine ligase | PF03133 | X | HOM, GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||||
| GL50803_10801 | Tubulin tyrosine ligase | Tubulin tyrosine ligase | PF03133 | Cytoplasm | HOM, GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||||
| GL50803_8456 | Tubulin tyrosine ligase | Tubulin tyrosine ligase | PF03133 | Cytoplasm | HOM, GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||||
| GL50803_10382 | Tubulin tyrosine ligase | Tubulin tyrosine ligase | PF03133 | n.d. | HOM | Morrison et al. (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_14498 | Tubulin tyrosine ligase | Tubulin tyrosine ligase | PF03133 | n.d. | HOM | Morrison et al. (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_8592 | Tubulin tyrosine ligase | Tubulin tyrosine ligase | PF03133 | n.d. | HOM | Morrison et al. (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_9272 | Tubulin tyrosine ligase | Tubulin tyrosine ligase | PF03133 | n.d. | HOM | Morrison et al. (2007) | |||||||
| Microtubule motors | |||||||||||||
| Axonemal dyneins | |||||||||||||
| GL50803_100906 | IAD-1alpha | IAD-1alpha dynein heavy chain (DHC) family | PF03028 | X | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | ||||||
| GL50803_94440 | IAD-1beta | IAD-1beta dynein heavy chain (DHC) family | PF03028 | X | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | ||||||
| GL50803_40496 | IAD-4 | IAD-4 dynein heavy chain (DHC) family | PF03028 | X | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | ||||||
| GL50803_37985 | IAD-4 | IAD-4 dynein heavy chain (DHC) family, partial | PF03028 | X | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | ||||||
| GL50803_111950 | IAD-5 | IAD-5 dynein heavy chain (DHC) family | PF03028 | X | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | ||||||
| GL50803_17265 | OAD-alpha | OAD-alpha dynein heavy chain (DHC) family | PF03028 | X | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | ||||||
| GL50803_17243 | OAD-beta | OAD-beta dynein heavy chain (DHC) family | PF03028 | X | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | ||||||
| Other dynein heavy chains | |||||||||||||
| GL50803_17478 | cytoDHC | CytoDHC cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain family | PF03028 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_93736 | cytoDHC-1b | CytoDHC cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain family | PF03028 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_29256 | DHC 1 | Axonemal dynein heavy chain, partial | PF03028 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_101138 | DHC 2 | Dynein heavy chain (DHC) family | PF03028 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_103059 | DHC 3 | Dynein heavy chain (DHC) family | PF03028 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_10538 | DHC 4 | Dynein heavy chain (DHC) family | PF03028 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_16804 | DHC 5 | Dynein heavy chain (DHC) family | PF03028 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_8172 | DHC 6 | Dynein heavy chain (DHC) family, partial | PF03028 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | |||||||
| Dynein regulatory complex | |||||||||||||
| GL50803_16540 | PF2 | Dynein regulatory complex (DRC); trypanin | PD936484 | n.d. | HOM | Morrison et al. (2007) | |||||||
| Dynein intermediate chains | |||||||||||||
| GL50803_10254 | IC138 | Dynein intermediate chain (DIC) family | PF05783 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_6939 | IC70 | Dynein intermediate chain (DIC) family | PF05783 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_33218 | IC78 | Dynein intermediate chain (DIC) family, ODA-IC1 | PF05783 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | |||||||
| Dynein light chains | |||||||||||||
| GL50803_17371 | DYNLT1 (Tctex1/LC9) | Tctex-1 family | PF03645 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_4236 | DYNLT1 (Tctex1/LC9) | Tctex-1 family | PF03645 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_13575 | DYNLT2 (Tctex2/LC19) | Tctex-1 family | PF01221 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_4463 | LC1 | Dynein light chain (DLC) family | PF01221 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_27308 | LC4 | Dynein light chain (DLC) family | PF01221 | Plasma membrane | GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||||
| GL50803_7578 | LC5 | Dynein light chain (DLC) family | PF01221 | Plasma membrane | GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||||
| GL50803_9848 | LC8 | Dynein light chain (DLC) family | PF03645 | X | X | GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | ||||||
| GL50803_14270 | Roadblock/LC7 | Roadblock-related dynein light chain | PD03259 | X | GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||||
| GL50803_15124 | Roadblock/LC7 | Roadblock/LC7 domain family | PD03259 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | |||||||
| GL50803_15606 | Tctex-I | Tctex-1 family | PF03645 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2007) | |||||||
| Dynein light intermediate chain | |||||||||||||
| GL50803_13273 | Axonemal DLIC | Axonemal dynein light chain family, p28 | PF10211 | X | GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||||
| Kinesins | |||||||||||||
| GL50803_11177 | KLC | Kinesin light chain | SSF81901 | X | X | HOM, GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | ||||||
| GL50803_13825 | GiKIN1 | Kinesin-1 | PF00225 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2006) | |||||||
| GL50803_17333 | GiKIN2a | Kinesin-2 | PF00225 | X | X | HOM, GFP | McInally et al. (2020) | ||||||
| GL50803_16456 | GiKIN2b | Kinesin-2 | PF00225 | X | X | HOM, GFP | McInally et al. (2020) | ||||||
| GL50803_6262 | GiKIN3a | Kinesin-3 | PF00225 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2006) | |||||||
| GL50803_102101 | GiKIN3b | Kinesin-3 | PF00225 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2006) | |||||||
| GL50803_112846 | GiKIN3c | Kinesin-3 | PF00225 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2006) | |||||||
| GL50803_16650 | GiKIN4 | Kinesin-4 | PF00225 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2006) | |||||||
| GL50803_16425 | GiKIN5 | Kinesin-5 | PF00225 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2006) | |||||||
| GL50803_102455 | GiKIN6a | Kinesin-6 | PF00225 | X | X | X | X | HOM, GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | ||||
| GL50803_15134 | GiKIN6b | Kinesin-6 | PF00225 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2006) | |||||||
| GL50803_15962 | GiKIN7 | Kinesin-7 | PF00225 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2006) | |||||||
| GL50803_4371 | GiKIN8 | Kinesin-8 | PF00225 | Nuclei, nucleolus | GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||||
| GL50803_10137 | GiKIN9a | Kinesin-9 | PF00225 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2006) | |||||||
| GL50803_6404 | GiKIN9b | Kinesin-9 | PF00225 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2006) | |||||||
| GL50803_16945 | GiKIN13 | Kinesin-13 | PF00225 | X | X | GFP | Dawson et al. (2007) | ||||||
| GL50803_8886 | GiKIN14a | Kinesin-14 | PF00225 | nuclei | GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||||
| GL50803_13797 | GiKIN14b | Kinesin-14 | PF00225 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2006) | |||||||
| GL50803_7874 | GiKIN16a | Kinesin-16 | PF00225 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2006) | |||||||
| GL50803_16161 | GiKIN16b | Kinesin-16 | PF00225 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2006) | |||||||
| GL50803_16224 | GiKIN20 | Orphan kinesin | PF00225 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2006) | |||||||
| GL50803_17264 | GiKIN21 | Orphan kinesin | PF00225 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2006) | |||||||
| GL50803_14070 | GiKIN22 | Orphan kinesin | PF00225 | X | GFP | Dawsonlab (GiardiaDB) | |||||||
| GL50803_112729 | GiKIN23 | Orphan kinesin | PF00225 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2006) | |||||||
| GL50803_11442 | GiKIN24 | Orphan kinesin | PF00225 | n.d. | HOM | Wickstead and Gull (2006) | |||||||
More than 90 conserved cytoskeleton-associated proteins are encoded by the Giardia lamblia (ATCC 50803) genome (Morrison et al., 2007), including tubulins and tubulin modifying enzymes, regulators of MT dynamics, basal body and BBsomes, and microtubule motors. Conserved cytoskeletal proteins have been identified based on homology to known cytoskeleton-associated proteins in other organisms (HOM) as well as by subcellular localization using heterologous antibodies (IFA), epitope-tagging (EPI), or fluorescent tags (GFP, mNG) to the basal bodies (BB), axonemes (AX), disc (DSC), median body (MB), funis (FN), supernumerary MTs (SN) or mitotic spindles (MS).