Table 2.

Studies included in the review.

PAPER TITLE	AUTHOR	YEAR	TARGET PATIENT/POPULATION GROUP	NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS	CO-DESIGN ACTIVITY	DIGITAL SOLUTION BEING CO-DESIGNED	EVALUATION OF THE CODESIGN PROCESS
Implementing cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines to translate evidence-based medicine and shared decision making into general practice: theory-based intervention development, qualitative piloting and quantitative feasibility	Bonner et	2019	Health professionals		Small group meetings	Website for GP guidelines, and piloting of a new risk patient calculator/decision aid to help GPs to identify guidelines recommendations for medication and lifestyle change and communicate this to patients.	The co-design process shows how GP and patient feedback can be incorporated into intervention design, but the timeframe required for this process meant that the qualitative analysis was pragmatic rather than formally thematic.
				18	Conference
				98	Feasibility study
			Health professionals and patients with cardiovascular disease	10 professionals and 3 patients	Semi-structured interviews
Digital health technology: factors affecting implementation in nursing homes Digital health technology: factors affecting implementation in nursing homes	Curtis & Brooks	2020	Manager, nurses, resident and relative	1 manager, 2 nurses, resident and relative	Individual interviews	Digital health technology which includes digital algorithms and digital records	Workshops enabled participating nurses to co-create a three-step process that supported the effective implementation of digital health technology innovations, which have the potential to release staff time, improve quality of care, and have positive effects on staff recruitment and retention. From residents’ point of view, it allows to analyse the level of acceptance of technology in nursing homes.
			Health professionals (nurses)	10	Workshops
Pilot implementation of co-designed software for co-production in mental health care planning: a qualitative evaluation of staff perspectives	Farr et al	2019	Health professionals and managers	15 professionals and 5 managers	In-depth interviews	Software forco-production in mental health care planning with interactive touchpoints involving service users.	–
Design and Development of a Context-Aware Knowledge-Based Module for Identifying Relevant Information and Information Gaps in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Self-Collected Health Data.	Giordanengo et al	2018	Patients with diabetes	5	Workshop	Prototype for extracting relevant information and documenting information gaps from self-collected health data by patients using a context-aware approach.	–
			Health professionals	4	Workshop
			Patients and health professionals	9	2 facilitated workshops and a co-design workshop
Patient-Clinician Co-Design Co-Participation in Design of an App for Rheumatoid Arthritis Management viaTelehealth Yields an App with High Usability and Acceptance	Grainger et al	2017	Patients and health professionals	9 patients and 11 health professionals	Semi-structured interviews	App for Rheumatoid Arthritis management via Telehealth Yields	–
			Patients with rheumatoid Arthritis	16	Interviews and online survey
The TiM system: developing a novel telehealth service to improve access to specialist care in motor neurone disease using user-centered design.	Hobson et al	2018	Patient with Motor Neurone Disease (MND) and public involvement group		Workshops	Telehealth service in MND	Authors strongly recommended user-centred design including all those involved in the receipt and delivery of care whenever a new intervention or service is developed to increase the chances of success.
			Patients with MND and families	1 patient and 1 relative	Semi-structured interviews
			Patients with MND, families and health professionals	3 patients, 6 carers or ex-carers, and an MND specialist nurse.	Workshops
			Health professionals	7	Meetings
			Patient with MND and caregiver		Semi-structured interviews
			Patients with MND, careers, health professionals		Testing
Creating Gameful Design in mHealth: A Participatory Co-Design Approach.	Jessen et al	2018	Patients with chronic conditions	22	Co-design workshops	mHealth self-management app	Participants were both engaged, creative, and voiced a wide range of ideas and requirements; although much of the reported input and ideas were in line with previous research, it provided important contextualization and nuance to these design choices from the users’ perspective.
Design and Development of a Person-Centered Patient Portal Using Participatory Stakeholder Co-Design.	Kildea et al	2019	Patients with cancer	361	Survey	Person-Centred Patient Portal	As project matured, and more and more stakeholders were engaged, authors noticed an increase in the acceptance by clinical staff of the concept of sharing personal health information with patients
				3 patients	Focus groups
				5 members of the patient’s committee	Focus groups
			Health professionals	6	Meetings
					Presentations
			Patients with cancer and families	10	End-user testing
Technology-Enabled Person-Centered Mental Health Services Reform: Strategy for Implementation Science	LaMonica et al	2019	Health professionals and managers		Survey, semi-structured interviews and workshops	Technology-Enabled Person-Centred Mental Health Services
			Patients with mental disorders and health professionals		User-testing
Implementing an Antibiotic Stewardship Information System to Improve Hospital Infection Control: A Co-Design Process	Maia et al	2018	Health professionals		Survey and interviews	Antibiotic Stewardship Information System	The close collaboration of stakeholders under a participative approach, was the baseline for a successful implementation.
Development of an mHealth platform for HIV Care: Gathering User Perspectives Through Co-Design Workshops and Interviews.	Marent et al	2018	Patients living with HIV and health professionals	97 patients and 63 health professionals	Co-design workshops	mHealth platform for HIV Care	This process allowed authors to better understand how clinicians and patients were approaching, imagining, and anticipating what the platform could do for HIV care. The co-design approach enabled authors to facilitate early engagement in the mHealth platform, enabling patient and clinician feedback to become embedded in the development process at a pre-prototype phase.
					Semi-structured interviews
Optimising eHealth tools for older patients: Collaborativeredesign of a hospital website.	Nguyen et al	2018	Multi-stakeholder related with patients with colorectal cancer	10	Prototype testing	Hospital website
Co-designing technology with people with dementia and their carers: Exploring user perspectives when co-creating a mobile health application.	O’Connor	2019	Patients with dementia and families	2 patients and 2 relatives	in-depth interviews	Mobile health application	According to the authors, more participatory methods to create health applications could help patients and carers as they are not often involved in co-producing technology that meets their needs
			Manager and IT expert	1 manager and 1 IT expert	in-depth interviews
Co-Designing an eHealth Service for the Co-Care of Parkinson Disease: Explorative Study of Values and Challenges.	Revenäs et al	2018	Patients with Parkinson disease and health professionals	7 patients and 9 health professionals	Co-design workshops	eHealth Service for the Co-Care of Parkinson Disease	Authors concluded that co-design is not mainly about creating new services, but it is about improving current practices to shape better care. Thus, they realised that co-design is only a phase in the cocreation and coproduction of better health care, and its potential can only be realised if the generated ideas are implemented in practice.
Participatory implementation of an antibiotic stewardship programme supported by an innovative surveillance and clinical decision-support system.	Simões et al	2018	Health professionals		Problem identification (observation) and meetings	Antibiotic stewardship programme supported by an innovative surveillance and clinical decision-support system
A Collaboration Between Game Developers and Rehabilitation Researchers to Develop a Web-Based App for Persons With Physical Disabilities: Case Study	Terrill et al	2019	Rehabilitation researchers, software development, people with physical disabilities andclinicians		Design box	Web-Based App for Persons with Physical Disabilities	Authors recognised that engaging stakeholders and end-users early and regularly from initial design ideas to prototype testing is critical. This foster mutual understanding that facilitates coherence within the project while supporting unique professional identities and responsibilities. In fact, it allows synergies in interdisciplinary collaborations that result in better ideas, questions, and solutions than by any one single discipline.
			Multi-stakeholder		User-testing
A web-based program to improve treatment adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes: Development and study protocol.	Vluggen	2018	Patients with diabetes, health professionals and IT experts		Program committee	Web-based program to improve treatment adherence	The involvement of relevant stakeholders was an essential element in the development of our computer-tailored program and the subsequent design of the trial.
Conceptual Design and Iterative Development of a mHealth App by Clinicians, Patients and Their Families	Woods et al	2018	Health professionals		Prototype testing	mHealth App	Using participatory design processes allowed for the inclusion of diverse perspectives from different stakeholders into the product’s features and functions. According to the authors, accurate, evidence-based and validated mHealth apps, if designed with a balance of consumer and provider input, can be safely used at home.
Design Thinking for mHealth Application Co-Design to Support Heart Failure Self-Management.	Woods et al	2017	Patients with heart failure and families		Ethnographic interviews	mHealthApplication	Authors concluded that the systematic design process provides a robust evidence-base for their speciality in health technology design for the advancement of patient-centred care.
			Patients with heart failure	12	Interviews
Co-Design of a Mobile Health App for Heart Failure: Perspectives from the Team	Woods et al	2019	Health professionals, patients with heart failure and family	11	Interviews	Mobile Health App	Analysis of stakeholders’ accounts of the co-design process has enabled a deeper understanding of the strengths and weaknesses in operationalising co-design. As conclusions, authors stated that co-design can be achieved with a sincere partnership between staff and consumers. The findings suggested that managing stakeholders throughout the design is key to the project’s success.
			Multi-stakeholder	7 health professionals, 7 patients and 4 caregivers	Design workshops
					Prototype