Table 3.
Factors associated with mild, moderate, and severe anxiety during COVID-19 in Bangladesh.
| VARIABLES | MILD | MODERATE | SEVERE | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR | P-VALUE | aOR | P-VALUE | aOR | P-VALUE | |||
| Demography | ||||||||
| Division of Living | ||||||||
| Khulna | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Chittagong | 1.38 (0.91, 2.09) | 0.124 | 3.28 (2.23, 4.83) | <0.001 | 6.26 (4.40, 8.90) | <0.001 | ||
| Mymensing | 1.57 (0.84, 2.92) | 0.159 | 2.30 (1.24, 4.26) | 0.008 | 5.26 (3.04, 9.12) | <0.001 | ||
| Rajshahi | 0.65 (0.44, 0.95) | 0.026 | 1.11 (0.77, 1.60) | 0.582 | 2.26 (1.68, 3.04) | <0.001 | ||
| Barisal | 1.25 (0.92, 1.69) | 0.149 | 1.07 (0.76, 1.50) | 0.697 | 1.60 (1.21, 2.11) | 0.001 | ||
| Rangpur | 1.19 (0.67, 2.11) | 0.561 | 2.17 (1.26, 3.75) | 0.005 | 5.86 (3.64, 9.42) | <0.001 | ||
| Sylhet | 3.32 (0.38, 28.84) | 0.277 | 20.25 (2.71, 151.42) | <0.001 | 38.54 (5.30, 280.02) | <0.001 | ||
| Dhaka | 1.13 (0.93, 1.38) | 0.233 | 1.70 (1.38, 2.09) | <0.001 | 2.91 (2.44, 3.47) | <0.001 | ||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Female | 1.20 (1.01, 1.43) | 0.039 | 1.53 (1.29, 1.82) | <0.001 | 1.91 (1.65, 2.21) | <0.001 | ||
| Level of Education | ||||||||
| Postgraduate/Post Doctorate | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Graduate | 1.10 (0.89, 1.36) | 0.363 | 1.19 (0.97, 1.47) | <0.001 | 1.51 (1.26, 1.81) | <0.001 | ||
| HSC or Equivalent | 0.75 (0.59, 0.95) | 0.016 | 1.06 (0.84, 1.34) | 0.608 | 1.78 (1.46, 2.16) | <0.001 | ||
| SSC or Equivalent | 0.96 (0.69, 1.34) | 0.811 | 0.88 (0.62, 1.25) | 0.465 | 2.34 (1.78, 3.07) | <0.001 | ||
| Under SSC | 2.13 (1.38, 3.28) | 0.001 | 1.45 (0.90, 2.33) | 0.124 | 3.37 (2.30, 4.94) | <0.001 | ||
| Age in category | ||||||||
| 18–27 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 28–37 years | 0.46 (0.35, 0.60) | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.46, 0.78) | <0.001 | 0.45 (0.36, 0.56) | <0.001 | ||
| 38–47 years | 0.39 (0.28, 0.54) | <0.001 | 0.30 (0.21, 0.42) | <0.001 | 0.27 (0.21, 0.36) | <0.001 | ||
| 48–57 years | 0.19 (0.12, 0.28) | <0.001 | 0.30 (0.20, 0.44) | <0.001 | 0.31 (0.23, 0.42) | <0.001 | ||
| 58+ years | 0.10 (0.056, 0.18) | <0.001 | 0.17 (0.10. 0.29) | <0.001 | 0.18 (0.12, 0.26) | <0.001 | ||
| Marital Status | ||||||||
| Single | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Married | 0.76 (0.58, 0.98) | 0.037 | 0.80 (0.62, 1.03) | 0.088 | 1.09 (0.88, 1.35) | 0.433 | ||
| Divorced/Widowed | 4.98 (2.22, 11.13) | <0.001 | 6.38 (2.94, 13.89) | <0.001 | 6.00 (2.88, 12.50) | <0.001 | ||
| Working Status | ||||||||
| Working (Full time) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Working (Part time) | 0.90 (0.66, 1.23) | 0.505 | 0.90 (0.67, 1.23) | 0.520 | 0.79 (0.61, 1.01) | 0.058 | ||
| No working/Student | 0.78 (0.61, 1.01) | 0.060 | 0.96 (0.74, 1.24) | 0.761 | 0.51 (0.41, 0.63) | <0.001 | ||
| Household factor | ||||||||
| Living Arrangement | ||||||||
| Living with Family | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Living Alone | 0.83 (0.62, 1.12) | 0.227 | 1.13 (0.86, 1.45) | 0.366 | 1.70 (1.35, 2.16) | <0.001 | ||
| Shared accommodation/Living with Flatmates | 1.87 (1.19, 2.92) | 0.006 | 2.10 (1.34, 3.29) | 0.001 | 2.42 (1.60, 3.64) | <0.001 | ||
| Household Size | ||||||||
| 1–2 People | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 3–4 People | 0.61 (0.42, 0.88) | 0.008 | 0.63 (0.45, 0.90) | 0.011 | 0.37 (0.27, 0.50) | <0.001 | ||
| Have you been tested for COVID-19? | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes, I Tested Negative | 1.02 (0.65, 1.61) | 0.932 | 1.38 (0.92, 2.07) | 0.120 | 1.85 (1.31, 2.63) | 0.001 | ||
| Yes, I Tested Positive | 1.45 (0.56, 3.74) | 0.439 | 2.44 (1.05, 5.68) | 0.038 | 2.31 (1.05, 5.09) | 0.038 | ||
| Compliance with Public health measures | ||||||||
| Are You Currently in Self-Quarantine Since Past Seven Days? | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 2.27 (1.81, 2.86) | <0.001 | 1.53 (1.23, 1.89) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.20, 1.73) | <0.001 | ||
| Avoid Public Transport | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| No | 0.40 (0.21, 0.74) | 0.004 | 0.74 (0.42, 1.32) | 0.306 | 1.49 (0.88, 2.52) | 0.135 | ||
| Avoid Shaking Hands | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| No | 0.52 (0.28, 0.94) | 0.030 | 0.48 (0.28, 0.85) | 0.011 | 0.81 (0.49, 1.34) | 0.411 | ||
| Wearing Face Mask when going out | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| No | 2.34 (1.40, 3.94) | 0.001 | 1.15 (0.71, 1.87) | 0.574 | 1.82 (1.17, 2.81) | 0.007 | ||
| Avoid Large Gatherings | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| No | 1.20 (0.70, 2.05) | 0.500 | 0.94 (0.57, 1.56) | 0.819 | 0.48 (0.30, 0.76) | 0.002 | ||
| Advocating People About the Health Risk Related to COVID-19 | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| No | 0.62 (0.43, 0.89) | 0.009 | 0.58 (0.42, 0.83) | 0.003 | 0.36 (0.26, 0.50) | <0.001 | ||
| Health Condition experienced in the Last Week | ||||||||
| Fever | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 2.07 (1.35, 3.17) | 0.001 | 1.92 (1.27, 2.89) | 0.002 | 2.80 (1.92, 4.08) | <0.001 | ||
| Chills | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 1.32 (0.78, 2.25) | 0.299 | 2.75 (1.74, 4.35) | <0.001 | 4.63 (3.05, 7.02) | <0.001 | ||
| Headache | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 2.54 (1.98, 3.27) | <0.001 | 2.43 (1.90, 3.10) | <0.001 | 2.17 (1.74, 2.69) | 0.144 | ||
| Cough | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 2.17 (1.62, 2.90) | <0.001 | 2.51 (1.90, 3.31) | <0.001 | 2.81 (2.18, 3.63) | <0.001 | ||
| Breathing Difficulty | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 0.63 (0.41, 0.97) | 0.038 | 1.03 (0.71, 1.50) | 0.878 | 1.67 (1.21, 3.30) | 0.002 | ||
| Dizziness | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 0.88 (0.63, 1.23) | 0.458 | 1.21 (0.89, 1.65) | 0.215 | 1.21 (0.92, 1.59) | 0.170 | ||
| Sore Throat | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 0.86 (0.60, 1.22) | 0.390 | 2.13 (1.57, 2.91) | <0.001 | 1.88 (1.42, 2.49) | <0.001 | ||
Adjusted odd ratios (aOR); 95% confidence intervals (CI).