Table 4.
Factors associated with mild, moderate, and severe stress during COVID-19 in Bangladesh.
| VARIABLES | MILD | MODERATE | SEVERE | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR | P-VALUE | aOR | P-VALUE | aOR | P-VALUE | |||
| Demography | ||||||||
| Division of Living | ||||||||
| Khulna | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Chittagong | 2.10 (1.61, 2.74) | <0.001 | 3.70 (2.92, 4.68) | <0.001 | 2.87 (2.17, 3.78) | <0.001 | ||
| Mymensing | 2.18 (1.44, 3.29) | <0.001 | 2.10 (1.44, 3.08) | <0.001 | 1.85 (1.18, 2.89) | 0.007 | ||
| Rajshahi | 3.16 (2.36, 4.23) | <0.001 | 2.72 (2.05, 3.60) | <0.001 | 2.98 (2.18, 4.06) | <0.001 | ||
| Barisal | 1.25 (0.91, 1.71) | 0.168 | 1.82 (1.38, 2.39) | <0.001 | 1.36 (0.97, 1.89) | 0.074 | ||
| Rangpur | 2.51 (1.76, 3.58) | <0.001 | 3.73 (2.723, 5.11 | <0.001 | 3.21 (2.23, 4.61) | <0.001 | ||
| Sylhet | 2.86 (1.81, 4.52) | <0.001 | 2.71 (1.72, 4.37) | <0.001 | 3.77 (2.32, 6.13) | <0.001 | ||
| Dhaka | 1.82 (1.49, 2.23) | <0.001 | 2.42 (2.00, 2.91) | <0.001 | 3.07 (2.48, 3.80) | <0.001 | ||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Female | 1.62 (1.42, 1.87) | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.37, 1.74) | <0.001 | 1.82 (1.58, 2.09) | <0.001 | ||
| Level of Education | ||||||||
| Postgraduate/Post Doctorate | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Graduate | 1.85 (1.54, 2.22) | <0.001 | 2.11 (1.80, 2.47) | <0.001 | 1.89 (1.58, 2.27) | <0.001 | ||
| HSC or Equivalent | 1.69 (1.38, 2.06) | <0.001 | 1.92 (1.62, 2.28) | <0.001 | 1.98 (1.64, 2.39) | <0.001 | ||
| SSC or Equivalent | 2.61 (2.02, 3.37) | <0.001 | 2.56 (2.03, 3.22) | <0.001 | 3.09 (2.41, 3.94) | <0.001 | ||
| Under SSC | 1.72 (1.24, 2.40) | 0.001 | 1.61 (1.20, 2.17) | 0.002 | 2.43 (1.79, 3.30) | <0.001 | ||
| Age in category | ||||||||
| 18–27 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 28–37 years | 1.72 (1.42, 2.09) | <0.001 | 1.49 (1.27, 1.76) | <0.001 | 1.61 (1.35, 1.92) | <0.001 | ||
| 38–47 years | 1.96 (1.54, 2.50) | <0.001 | 1.49 (1.21, 1.84) | <0.001 | 1.42 (1.13, 1.80) | 0.003 | ||
| 48–57 years | 1.16 (0.85, 1.60) | 0.345 | 1.15 (0.89, 1.49) | 0.275 | 1..95 (1.51, 2.51) | <0.001 | ||
| 58+ years | 5.31 (3.63, 7.76) | <0.001 | 2.25 (1.53, 3.33) | <0.001 | 2.83 (1.87, 4.28) | <0.001 | ||
| Marital Status | ||||||||
| Single | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Married | 1.72 (1.41, 2.11) | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.20, 1.71) | <0.001 | 2.05 (1.67, 2.51) | <0.001 | ||
| Divorced/Widowed | 1.97 (1.38, 2.82) | <0.001 | 1.31 (0.94, 1.83) | 0.106 | 1.54 (1.06, 2.24) | 0.024 | ||
| Working Status | ||||||||
| Working (Full time) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Working (Part time) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.38) | 0.329 | 0.91 (0.76, 1.10) | 0.324 | 0.68 (0.56, 0.84) | <0.001 | ||
| No working/Student | 0.96 (0.79, 1.17) | 0.714 | 0.36 (0.31, 0.43) | <0.001 | 0.27 (0.22, 0.34) | <0.001 | ||
| Household factor | ||||||||
| Living Arrangement | ||||||||
| Living with Family | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Living Alone | 1.60 (1.33, 1.93) | <0.001 | 1.67 (1.41, 1.98) | <0.001 | 1.71 (1.40, 2.08) | <0.001 | ||
| Shared accommodation/Living with Flatmates | 1.02 (0.75, 1.40) | 0.883 | 1.59 (1.23, 2.06) | <0.001 | 2.26 (1.69, 3.02) | <0.001 | ||
| Household Size | ||||||||
| 1–2 People | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 3–4 People | 0.76 (0.62, 0.93) | 0.007 | 0.74 (0.61, 0.88) | 0.001 | 0.58 (0.47, 0.70) | <0.001 | ||
| Have you been tested for COVID-19? | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes, I Tested Negative | 1.57 (1.23, 2.01) | <0.001 | 1.77 (1.42, 2.21) | <0.001 | 1.22 (0.94, 1.57) | 0.136 | ||
| Yes, I Tested Positive | 1.38 (0.95, 2.01) | 0.095 | 1.42 (1.01, 1.99) | 0.046 | 1.10 (0.75, 1.60) | 0.636 | ||
| Compliance with Public health measures | ||||||||
| Have You Enforced Protective Measures Inside Your Home to Protect Yourself and Your Family from COVID 19? | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| No | 1.08 (0.85, 1.38) | 0.540 | 1.18 (0.94, 1.47) | 0.148 | 1.28 (1.00, 1.65) | 0.049 | ||
| Are You Currently in Self-Quarantine Since Past Seven Days? | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 1.28 (1.07, 1.53) | 0.007 | 2.09 (1.75, 2.49) | <0.001 | 1.92 (1.55, 2.38) | <0.001 | ||
| Avoid Public Transport | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| No | 1.08 (0.80, 1.47) | 0.601 | 1.60 (1.20, 2.13) | 0.001 | 4.02 (2.74, 5.91) | <0.001 | ||
| Avoid Shaking Hands | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| No | 0.94 (0.70, 1.27) | 0.700 | 0.68 (0.52, 0.90) | 0.007 | 1.63 (1.15, 2.30) | 0.006 | ||
| Wearing Face Mask when going out | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| No | 1.25 (0.95, 1.64) | 0.107 | 1.15 (0.89, 1.48) | 0.291 | 1.64 (1.19, 2.25) | 0.002 | ||
| Avoid Large Gatherings | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| No | 1.12 (0.86, 1.47) | 0.398 | 1.72 (1.35, 2.19) | <0.001 | 1.18 (0.88, 1.58) | 0.257 | ||
| Advocating People About the Health Risk Related to COVID-19 | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| No | 0.55 (0.45, 0.68) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.81, 1.21) | 0.916 | 0.66 (0.51, 0.84) | 0.001 | ||
| Health Condition experienced in the Last Week | ||||||||
| Fever | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 0.96 (0.78, 1.17) | 0.663 | 1.11 (0.93, 1.32) | 0.252 | 1.07 (0.88, 1.31) | 0.509 | ||
| Chills | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 1.99 (1.62, 2.44) | <0.001 | 2.07 (1.72, 2.49) | <0.001 | 2.01 (1.65, 2.46) | <0.001 | ||
| Headache | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 1.26 (1.08, 1.48) | 0.004 | 1.63 (1.42, 1.86) | <0.001 | 1.50 (1.29, 1.75) | <0.001 | ||
| Cough | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 1.27 (1.08, 1.50) | 0.004 | 1.79 (1.56, 2.07) | <0.001 | 1.32 (1.12, 1.55) | 0.001 | ||
| Breathing Difficulty | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 2.14 (1.74, 2.62) | <0.001 | 1.73 (1.44, 2.08) | <0.001 | 2.18 (1.79, 2.66) | <0.001 | ||
| Dizziness | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 1.45 (1.20, 1.76) | <0.001 | 1.91 (1.63, 2.25) | <0.001 | 1.50 (1.25, 1.80) | <0.001 | ||
| Sore Throat | ||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 1.33 (1.11, 1.60) | 0.002 | 1.38 (1.18, 1.61) | <0.001 | 1.39 (1.16, 1.66) | <0.001 | ||
Adjusted odd ratios (aOR); 95% confidence intervals (CI).