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. 2021 Apr 20;17(4):e1009350. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009350

Fig 6. Model for pnp-1 regulation of immune responses.

Fig 6

A) pnp-1 negatively regulates mRNA expression of IPR genes induced by infection with the intracellular pathogens the Orsay virus and N. parisii (microsporidia). Loss of pnp-1 or pals-22 results in constitutive expression of IPR genes and resistance to the Orsay virus and N. parisii. Epistasis analysis indicates that pnp-1 acts in parallel to pals-22/pals-25. pmk-1 (p38 MAPK) mutants display increased susceptibility to N. parisii as compared to wild-type animals. Because IPR genes are distinct from pmk-1-regulated genes, we favor a model where pmk-1 acts in parallel to the IPR. B) pnp-1 negatively regulates genes that are induced by various extracellular pathogens and pnp-1 mutants are resistant to infection by the extracellular Gram-negative pathogen P. aeruginosa. Resistance to P. aeruginosa in pnp-1 mutants requires pmk-1. In addition, upregulation of genes induced by wild-type pmk-1 in pnp-1 mutants requires functional pmk-1, suggesting that here, pnp-1 functions upstream of pmk-1.