Table 2. Ethnoveterinary use of the plants of Sharda Division, Neelum Valley AJK.

S. No.	Plant name	Family	Local name	Habit	Alt. Range (m)	Current Status	Part Used	Ethno-veterinary uses
1	Aconogonon molle (D.Don) H. Hara	Polygonaceae	Chukro	Herb	2000–3000	Secure	Rt	Mashed uncooked roots are given orally to cure enterotoxaemia problems (Andran Da Taap). Roots after boiling in the water, along with molasses, in solution form are fed orally to cure lamb dysentery (PPR).
2	Aconogonon rumicifolium (Royle ex Rab.) H.Hara	Polygonaceae	Panchoola	Herb	2500–3500	Secure	Rt	Mashed uncooked roots are given orally to cure enterotoxaemia problems.
3	Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Camb.) Hook.f.	Hippocastanaceae	Bunkhoor	Tree	2000–2800	Secure	Frt	Fruits are mashed and fed to the cattle to treat indigestion (Malla) as it has warm effect. Seeds are also given orally as tonic, especially to the horses.
4	Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth.	Lamiaceae	Jan e Adam	Herb	2500–3500	Vulnerable	Rt	Uncooked roots are given orally to the cattle suffering from internal heat (Peelia).
5	Angelica archangelica var. himalica (Clarke) E.Nasir	Apiaceae	Murchar	Shrub	2000–3000	Secure	Rt	Roots of the plants are cooked and with the addition of molasses are given to cure indigestion cause by the cold. It increases internal temperature and relieve the pain. It is also used to cure dyspnea (Dhansna).
6	Angelica cyclocarpa (Norman) Cannon	Apiaceae	Chora	Shrub	2000–3500	Vulnerable	Rt	Indigestion (locally known as Dood da Mala) in cattle is cured by giving uncooked roots with the addition of molasses. Same roots, while cooked are given to the cattle to cure indigestion caused by the cold (locally known as Thanady da malla). Used to cure animal’s dehydration (Taku) issue which usually results because of the non-availability of the water for a long time.
7	Aralia cachemirica Dcne.	Araliaceae	Chooryal	Shrub	1800–2500	Secure	Rt	Mashed and uncooked roots are given to the cattle as tonic which also increases the production of milk.
8	Berberis lycium Royle	Berberidaceae	Sunmbal	Shrub	1800–2700	Secure	Brk	The bark of the root and stem is peeled off, dried, grinded and then used in combination with rice, maize floor and butter as tonic to strengthen the bones and treatment of internal fractures.
9	Bistorta amplexicaulis var. amplexicaulis (D. Don) Green	Polygonaceae	Chiti Masloon	Herb	2000–3500	Secure	Rt	Cooked roots (decoction) are given to the feeble cattle as tonic.
10	Bistorta amplexicaulis var. speciosa (Meisn.) Munshi & Javeid	Polygonaceae	Bari Masloon	Herb	1800–2500	Secure	Rt	Cooked roots are given to the feeble cattle as tonic.
11	Capsicum annuum L.	Solanaceae	Rattian Marchan	Shrub	1800–2000	Cultivated	Frt	Cotton cloth kept on hay and burnt. Dried fruits of Capsicum annuum (locally called Rattian marchan) are grinded and the powder in combination with sugar is also poured on the fire. Smoke and fumes produced are being forcibly inhaled to animal (horse/mule/donkey). Consequently, there is copious discharge from nasal cavities and animals become healthy. The disease is known as strangles (locally called Kannar).
12	Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D.Don) G.Don	Pinaceae	Pluddar	Tree	1800–2250	Vulnerable	Rsn	Resin extracted from the trunk of Cedrus deodara after heating the chopped parts of the woods, is applied on the affected skin to cure/mange ecto-parasitism. Burned mobile oil is also used for the same purpose
13	Curcuma longa L.	Zingiberaceae	Liddhar	Herb	1800–2300	Cultivated Secure	Rt	Roots of Curcuma longa (Haldi) are cooked in ghee are also fed orally to cure the issue of Prolapse of Uterus.
14	Dipsacus inermis Wall. ex Roxb.	Dipsaceae	Pilha	Herb	1800–2500	Secure	Rt	About 1–2 kg of roots are mashed and cooked in water and given orally to expel placenta as post-delivery treatment in cattle. This has shown quick results and placenta is removed. Cooked roots of Dipsacus inermis (Pilha) are also used to cure prolapse of uterus (Mongra Ana / Bhar Ana).
15	Geranium wallichianum D.Don. ex Sweet	Geraniaceae	Ratanjoog	Herb	1800–3000	Secure	Rt	Cooked roots are given to the cattle as tonic.
16	Helianthus annuus L.	Asteraceae	Gul e Aftab	Shrub	1800–2300	Cultivated Secure	Sd	Crushed seed (Powder) are given to the week cattle orally as tonic to the general weakness.
17	Hylotelephium ewersii (Ledeb.)H. Ohba	Crassulaceae	Loonslooni	Herb	2500–3500	Secure	AP	Whole mashed uncooked plant is fed to the goats and sheep to reduce the effects of over dozed salts, hence known as Loonslooni (Loon is local name of Salt).
18	Indigofera heterantha var. heterantha (Wall. ex Baker) Ali	Papilionaceae	Kainthi	Shrub	1800–2800	Secure	Rt	Mashed uncooked roots are given to the young cattle as dewormer.
19	Lavatera cachemiriana var. cachemiriana S.Abdin	Malvaceae	Dang Sonchal	Shrub	2000–2800	Vulnerable	Rt	Cooked roots are used to treat constipation in the animals.
20	Ligularia amplexicaulis DC.	Asteraceae	Mata Khaish	Herb	2800–3600	Secure	Rt	Crushed uncooked roots are given orally to the young cattles to expel worms from the abdomen. It increase digestion and helps the young ones to graze fresh grass.
21	Phaseolus lunatus Linn.	Papilionaceae	Mooth	Climber	1800–2400	Cultivated Secure	Sd	Seeds (Mooth) after boiling in the water are fed, so that blister should appear on the outer surface of the animal to cure Goat Pox (Thandian). Otherwise, the death of the animal is possible.
22	Phaseolus vulgaris Linn.	Papilionaceae	Mooth	Climber	1800–2400	Cultivated Secure	Sd	Seeds (Moth) after boiling in the water are fed, so that blister should appear on the outer surface of the animal to cure goat pox (Thandian). Otherwise, the death of the animal is possible.
23	Punica granatum L	Lythraceae	Darru	Shrub/tree	-	Cultivated	Frt	Other than the Alum (Phatkri), outer fleshy part of the fruit of Punica granatum (locally known as Darru) is dried, grinded and mixed in yogurt and fed orally to cure the issue of nephritis locally called Dkahotra/ Chulkna.
24	Rheum webbianum Royle	Polygonaceae	Chootyal	Herb	2500–3600	Vulnerable	Rt	Mashed roots are given to cure indigestion and constipation issues in cattles. Mashed roots are also tied on the external injuries to relieve pain in the cattles.
25	Rhodiola himalensis (D.Don.)S.H.Fu.	Crassulaceae	Bugomasti	Herb	2700–3600	Secure	AP	Aerial parts are crushed and fed to the young cattle as dewormer.
26	Rhodiola pinnatifida Boiss.	Crassulaceae	Bugomasti	Herb	2800–3600	Secure	AP	Aerial parts are crushed and given to the young cattle as dewormer
27	Rhodiola sp.	Crassulaceae	Bugomasti	Herb	2600–3500	Secure	AP	Aerial parts are crushed and given to the young cattle as dewormer
28	Rumex acetosa L.	Polygonaceae	Sufaid Hoola	Herb	1800–3000	Secure	Rt	Cooked roots are believed effective to cure cough, indigestion and constipation. Roots are buried under the fire in ash and used to expel retained placenta as a post-delivery complication and also on cough.
29	Rumex nepalensis Spreng.	Polygonaceae	Hoola	Herb	1800–3000	Secure	Rt	Cooked roots are believed effective to cure cough, indigestion and constipation. Roots are buried under the fire in ash and used to expel retained placenta as a post-delivery complication and also on cough. It is also used to cure dyspnea (Dhansna).
30	Saussurea lappa (Dcne.)Sch. Costus (Falc. Lipsch.)	Asteraceae	Kuth	Herb	2500–3500	Critically Endangered	Rt	Crushed roots are given uncooked to the sheep and goats to expel worms and also believed as tonic. The cattle start eating after the treatment.
31	Sedum trullipetalum H&T.	Crassulaceae	Loonslooni	Herb	2500–3600	Secure	AP	Un cooked, mashed whole plant is given to the goats and sheep to reduce the effects of over dozed salts, hence known as Loon slooni (Loon is local name of Salt).
32	Taraxacum laevigatum (Willd.)DC	Asteraceae	Hand	Herb	1800–3200	Secure	Rt	Mashed uncooked roots are given to cure the post-delivery complication especially to expel retained placenta in the cattle.
33	Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.	Fabaceae	Sinji	Herb	1800–2600	Cultivated Secure	AP	Trigonella foenum-graecum (Maithi) is boiled and fed orally to the animals for the purpose to cure prolapse of uterus.
34	Thymus linearis Benth.	Lamiaceae	Ajwain/ Bun jamain	Herb	2800–3500	Endangered	AP	Decoction of the whole plant with addition of milk, maize flour and molasses is orally fed to the animals suffering from indigestion (Malla) and hemoglobinuria (Rut Mortrna).
35	Urtica dioica L.	Urticaceae	Kairi	Herb	1800–2800	Secure	Lvs	Vesical palpation with irritation, causing plant Urtica dioica (Kari), leaves is practiced which cause irritation in the birth canal and eventually animal is set into heat cycle called Repeat Breeding (Na Thairna).
36	Verbascum thapsus L.	Saxifragaceae	Gadikan	Herb	1800–3000	Secure	AP	Leaves are cooked and given to the cattle to relieve pain in case of injury. Broad leaves are also lapped on the injured parts to relieve pain.
37	Viburnum cotinifolium D.Don.	Caprifoliaceae	Ukloon/ Guch	Shrub	1800–2800	Secure	AP	Tips of the plants are collected while starting sprouting and are given uncooked orally to the horses and buffalos to cure constipations.
38	Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC.	Caprifoliaceae	Ukloon/Guch	Herb	1800–2800	Secure	AP	Sprouting tips of the plants are collected mashed and given to the horses and buffalos uncooked to cure constipations.
39	Zea mays L.	Poaceae	Makai	Herb	1800–2500	Cultivated	AP	Young plants of Maize (Makai) dried under shad are boiled and the hot plant parts are tied on the back of animals (cows & buffalos) which is believed to dry the internal fluid from the body of the animal, which is another type of “indigestion” (locally known as Linga da Malla)

Frt = Fruit, Lvs = Leaves, Rt = Root, AP = Aerial Parts, WP = Whole Plant, Sd = Seeds, Flr = Flowers, Rsn = Resin.