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. 2021 Apr 16;12:618172. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.618172

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Pathway showing oncogenesis by the induction of Leptin and Insulin pathways. Insulin and Leptin binding to their receptors activates series of pathways including PI3K, MAPK, and JAK-Stat pathways, where, PI3K pathway leads to the activation of S6KT and releases the 4 EBP proteins, MAPK pathway gives rise to the activation of ERE and activation of aromatase gene and JAK-Stat dimerizations gives rise to the activation of cell regulatory elements respectively. Activation of these pathways helps in cancer cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Abbreviations: 4EBP, Eukaryotic Translation initiation factor 4E binding protein; CYP19A2, Cytochrome P450 Aromatase; ER, Estrogen receptor protein; ERE, Estrogen responsive element; IRS-1, Insulin receptor substrate; JAK, Janus kinase; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase; mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; RAF, Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma; RAS, Rat sarcoma; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; S6KT, Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1; Stat, signal transducer and activator of transcription.