Table 1.
Characteristics at the Time of Randomization, by Treatment Arm, for Participants in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS) Who Underwent Frailty Assessments at Year 8
| Characteristic | Lifestyle | Metformin | Placebo | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 787) | (n = 803) | (n = 795) | (n = 2385) | |
| Age at randomization (years) | 51.3 (10.6) | 51.5 (9.67) | 50.5 (9.70) | 51.1 (10.0) |
| Women (%) | 67.9 | 66.1 | 68.9 | 67.6 |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | ||||
| White | 53.5 | 55.5 | 53.8 | 54.3 |
| African American | 19.7 | 21.3 | 20.6 | 20.5 |
| Hispanic | 14.5 | 14.6 | 14.7 | 14.6 |
| American Indian | 6.2 | 5.1 | 6.0 | 5.8 |
| Asian | 6.1 | 3.5 | 4.8 | 4.8 |
| Education (%) | ||||
| ≤12 years | 74.1 | 71.5 | 75.0 | 73.5 |
| 13–16 years | 25.9 | 28.5 | 25.0 | 26.5 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 106 (8.08) | 107 (8.61) | 107 (8.62) | 107 (8.44) |
| HbA1c % | 5.91 (0.49) | 5.92 (0.50) | 5.93 (0.50) | 5.92 (0.50) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33.5 (6.40) | 33.7 (6.45) | 34.0 (6.59) | 33.7 (6.48) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 123 (14.7) | 124 (15.0) | 123 (14.4) | 123 (14.7) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 78.2 (9.27) | 78.1 (9.49) | 78.0 (9.26) | 78.1 (9.34) |
| Leisure physical activity (MET-h/wk) | 15.6 (21.6) | 17.0 (22.5) | 17.5 (32.3) | 16.7 (25.9) |
| MOS SF-36 physical component | 50.7 (6.79) | 50.1 (7.17) | 50.4 (7.22) | 50.4 (7.07) |
| MOS SF-36 mental component | 53.9 (7.12) | 54.1 (7.62) | 54.2 (6.77) | 54.1 (7.18) |
| Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | 4.42 (4.37) | 4.35 (4.26) | 4.42 (4.45) | 4.39 (4.36) |
Note. BMI = body mass index; HbA1c = glycosylated hemoglobin; MET = rate of energy expenditure while at rest; MOS SF = Medical Outcomes Study Short Form. Data for continuous variables are presented as mean (SD). Data for categorical variables are presented as percentage. There were no significant treatment arm differences.