Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by ethnic group
| Overall (n=17 288 532) | White (n=10 877 978) | South Asian (n=1 025 319) | Black (n=340 912) | Mixed (n=170 484) | Other (n=320 788) | Unknown (n=4 553 051) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 49·6 (18·6) | 51·2 (18·2) | 43·0 (15·4) | 43·8 (15·5) | 40·0 (14·9) | 40·2 (15·0) | 48·8 (20·0) | |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 8 638 780 (50·0%) | 5 650 496 (51·9%) | 490 641 (47·9%) | 169 832 (49·8%) | 87 678 (51·4%) | 157 832 (49·2%) | 2 082 301 (45·7%) | |
| Male | 8 649 752 (50·0%) | 5 227 482 (48·1%) | 534 678 (52·1%) | 171 080 (50·2%) | 82 806 (48·6%) | 162 956 (50·8%) | 2 470 750 (54·3%) | |
| Index of Multiple Deprivation | ||||||||
| 1 (most affluent) | 3 495 006 (20·2%) | 2 294 962 (21·1%) | 87 798 (8·6%) | 22 716 (6·7%) | 22 259 (13·1%) | 43 209 (13·5%) | 1 024 062 (22·5%) | |
| 2 | 3 481 686 (20·1%) | 2 292 018 (21·1%) | 114 552 (11·2%) | 34 646 (10·2%) | 27 255 (16·0%) | 54 638 (17·0%) | 958 577 (21·1%) | |
| 3 | 3 487 259 (20·2%) | 2 220 520 (20·4%) | 189 485 (18·5%) | 54 731 (16·1%) | 32 256 (18·9%) | 60 843 (19·0%) | 929 424 (20·4%) | |
| 4 | 3 482 514 (20·1%) | 2 113 382 (19·4%) | 295 273 (28·8%) | 90 963 (26·7%) | 40 543 (23·8%) | 79 661 (24·8%) | 862 692 (18·9%) | |
| 5 (most deprived) | 3 342 067 (19·3%) | 1 957 096 (18·0%) | 338 211 (33·0%) | 137 856 (40·4%) | 48 171 (28·3%) | 82 437 (25·7%) | 778 296 (17·1%) | |
| Number of people in household | ||||||||
| 1–2 | 7 533 408 (43·6%) | 5 169 700 (47·5%) | 209 599 (20·4%) | 118 164 (34·7%) | 62 417 (36·6%) | 118 594 (37·0%) | 1 854 934 (40·7%) | |
| 3–5 | 6 166 295 (35·7%) | 3 762 179 (34·6%) | 430 932 (42·0%) | 135 543 (39·8%) | 69 564 (40·8%) | 117 587 (36·7%) | 1 650 490 (36·3%) | |
| 6–10 | 992 375 (5·7%) | 443 780 (4·1%) | 221 312 (21·6%) | 50 678 (14·9%) | 18 183 (10·7%) | 39 841 (12·4%) | 218 581 (4·8%) | |
| ≥11 | 169 045 (1·0%) | 75 056 (0·7%) | 41 039 (4·0%) | 6486 (1·9%) | 3475 (2·0%) | 14 228 (4·4%) | 28 761 (0·6%) | |
| Unknown | 2 427 409 (14·0%) | 1 427 263 (13·1%) | 122 437 (11·9%) | 30 041 (8·8%) | 16 845 (9·9%) | 30 538 (9·5%) | 800 285 (17·6%) | |
| Number of general practitioner consultations in the 12 months before baseline | 3·0 (0·0–8·0) | 4·0 (1·0–8·0) | 3·0 (0·0–8·0) | 3·0 (0·0–7·0) | 2·0 (0·0–7·0) | 1·0 (0·0–5·0) | 2·0 (0·0–7·0) | |
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Never* | 8 653 213 (50·1%) | 4 882 899 (44·9%) | 751 034 (73·2%) | 232 984 (68·3%) | 96 363 (56·5%) | 208 450 (65·0%) | 2 481 483 (54·5%) | |
| Former | 5 683 564 (32·9%) | 4 037 473 (37·1%) | 159 103 (15·5%) | 63 290 (18·6%) | 39 798 (23·3%) | 58 768 (18·3%) | 1 325 132 (29·1%) | |
| Current | 2 951 755 (17·1%) | 1 957 606 (18·0%) | 115 182 (11·2%) | 44 638 (13·1%) | 34 323 (20·1%) | 53 570 (16·7%) | 746 436 (16·4%) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27·4 (5·7) | 27·5 (5·7) | 26·6 (5·1) | 28·0 (5·7) | 26·8 (5·7) | 25·2 (5·1) | 27·7 (5·9) | |
| BMI category, with adjustment for South Asian populations | ||||||||
| Underweight | 294 735 (1·7%) | 180 046 (1·7%) | 26 124 (2·5%) | 5012 (1·5%) | 3800 (2·2%) | 11 844 (3·7%) | 67 909 (1·5%) | |
| Normal | 4 571 011 (26·4%) | 3 234 076 (29·7%) | 176 170 (17·2%) | 81 236 (23·8%) | 53 668 (31·5%) | 120 216 (37·5%) | 905 645 (19·9%) | |
| Overweight | 4 666 217 (27·0%) | 3 218 869 (29·6%) | 313 478 (30·6%) | 97 270 (28·5%) | 42 901 (25·2%) | 71 463 (22·3%) | 922 236 (20·3%) | |
| Obese I | 2 457 922 (14·2%) | 1 633 030 (15·0%) | 212 808 (20·8%) | 54 909 (16·1%) | 20 662 (12·1%) | 27 228 (8·5%) | 509 285 (11·2%) | |
| Obese II | 949 367 (5·5%) | 631 273 (5·8%) | 71 428 (7·0%) | 21 383 (6·3%) | 7825 (4·6%) | 8355 (2·6%) | 209 103 (4·6%) | |
| Obese III | 474 090 (2·7%) | 318 199 (2·9%) | 28 812 (2·8%) | 10 282 (3·0%) | 4076 (2·4%) | 3505 (1·1%) | 109 216 (2·4%) | |
| Unknown | 3 875 190 (22·4%) | 1 662 485 (15·3%) | 196 499 (19·2%) | 70 820 (20·8%) | 37 552 (22·0%) | 78 177 (24·4%) | 1 829 657 (40·2%) | |
| HbA1c, % | 5·9 (1·0) | 5·8 (1·0) | 6·1 (1·2) | 6·0 (1·2) | 5·9 (1·1) | 5·8 (1·0) | 5·9 (1·0) | |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 41·0 (92·7) | 40·4 (62·2) | 44·3 (218·2) | 42·8 (138·9) | 40·5 (12·0) | 40·2 (10·7) | 41·4 (101·9) | |
| HbA1c category | ||||||||
| <6·5% | 6 706 373 (38·8%) | 4 546 662 (41·8%) | 424 221 (41·4%) | 127 134 (37·3%) | 54 728 (32·1%) | 92 552 (28·9%) | 1 461 076 (32·1%) | |
| 6·5–7·4% | 582 059 (3·4%) | 350 237 (3·2%) | 64 385 (6·3%) | 15 294 (4·5%) | 4500 (2·6%) | 7680 (2·4%) | 139 963 (3·1%) | |
| 7·5–7·9% | 155 580 (0·9%) | 94 158 (0·9%) | 17 117 (1·7%) | 3376 (1·0%) | 1144 (0·7%) | 1825 (0·6%) | 37 960 (0·8%) | |
| 8·0–8·9% | 168 963 (1·0%) | 103 062 (0·9%) | 18 312 (1·8%) | 3558 (1·0%) | 1226 (0·7%) | 1965 (0·6%) | 40 840 (0·9%) | |
| ≥9·0% | 190 305 (1·1%) | 115 910 (1·1%) | 21 060 (2·1%) | 5415 (1·6%) | 1686 (1·0%) | 2215 (0·7%) | 44 019 (1·0%) | |
| Unknown | 9 485 252 (54·9%) | 5 667 949 (52·1%) | 480 224 (46·8%) | 186 135 (54·6%) | 107 200 (62·9%) | 214 551 (66·9%) | 2 829 193 (62·1%) | |
| Blood pressure (mm Hg) | ||||||||
| Systolic | 128·0 (15·7) | 128·3 (15·5) | 123·8 (15·4) | 127·1 (16·0) | 124·0 (15·3) | 122·5 (15·4) | 129·0 (15·9) | |
| Diastolic | 76·8 (9·9) | 76·8 (9·8) | 76·5 (9·7) | 78·0 (10·3) | 76·6 (10·1) | 75·8 (10·0) | 76·7 (10·0) | |
| Blood pressure category | ||||||||
| Normal | 2 653 823 (15·4%) | 1 719 408 (15·8%) | 211 095 (20·6%) | 56 786 (16·7%) | 32 711 (19·2%) | 57 475 (17·9%) | 576 348 (12·7%) | |
| Elevated | 1 818 544 (10·5%) | 1 225 760 (11·3%) | 99 291 (9·7%) | 32 093 (9·4%) | 15 713 (9·2%) | 23 598 (7·4%) | 422 089 (9·3%) | |
| High, stage I | 4 270 604 (24·7%) | 2 880 135 (26·5%) | 238 962 (23·3%) | 80 605 (23·6%) | 35 154 (20·6%) | 53 458 (16·7%) | 982 290 (21·6%) | |
| High, stage II | 3 010 178 (17·4%) | 2 025 395 (18·6%) | 120 401 (11·7%) | 54 017 (15·8%) | 19 008 (11·1%) | 26 433 (8·2%) | 764 924 (16·8%) | |
| Unknown | 5 535 383 (32·0%) | 3 027 280 (27·8%) | 355 570 (34·7%) | 117 411 (34·4%) | 67 898 (39·8%) | 159 824 (49·8%) | 1 807 400 (39·7%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Type 1 diabetes | 88 294 (0·5%) | 59 940 (0·6%) | 2508 (0·2%) | 1363 (0·4%) | 637 (0·4%) | 637 (0·2%) | 23 209 (0·5%) | |
| Type 2 diabetes | 1 234 858 (7·1%) | 747 798 (6·9%) | 135 741 (13·2%) | 31 590 (9·3%) | 9603 (5·6%) | 15 527 (4·8%) | 294 599 (6·5%) | |
| Diagnosed hypertension | 3 703 816 (21·4%) | 2 437 571 (22·4%) | 173 237 (16·9%) | 69 524 (20·4%) | 20 712 (12·1%) | 31 706 (9·9%) | 971 066 (21·3%) | |
| Chronic heart disease | 1 193 155 (6·9%) | 803 572 (7·4%) | 53 903 (5·3%) | 11 092 (3·3%) | 4731 (2·8%) | 8136 (2·5%) | 311 721 (6·8%) | |
| Stroke | 368 707 (2·1%) | 249 742 (2·3%) | 12 429 (1·2%) | 4373 (1·3%) | 1495 (0·9%) | 2161 (0·7%) | 98 507 (2·2%) | |
| Chronic kidney disease† | 978 300 (5·7%) | 647 085 (5·9%) | 27 979 (2·7%) | 15 042 (4·4%) | 3787 (2·2%) | 4782 (1·5%) | 279 625 (6·1%) | |
| End-stage renal failure | 25 348 (0·1%) | 14 615 (0·1%) | 2410 (0·2%) | 878 (0·3%) | 219 (0·1%) | 352 (0·1%) | 6874 (0·2%) | |
| Cancer | 979 433 (5·7%) | 684 824 (6·3%) | 19 868 (1·9%) | 9249 (2·7%) | 3718 (2·2%) | 6640 (2·1%) | 255 134 (5·6%) | |
| Autoimmune disease | 889 832 (5·1%) | 615 132 (5·7%) | 37 348 (3·6%) | 6912 (2·0%) | 4988 (2·9%) | 7504 (2·3%) | 217 948 (4·8%) | |
| Immunosuppression | 93 162 (0·5%) | 54 143 (0·5%) | 4602 (0·4%) | 10 087 (3·0%) | 2118 (1·2%) | 1425 (0·4%) | 20 787 (0·5%) | |
| Chronic liver disease | 104 781 (0·6%) | 69 901 (0·6%) | 5677 (0·6%) | 3035 (0·9%) | 894 (0·5%) | 2445 (0·8%) | 22 829 (0·5%) | |
| Dementia | 34 169 (0·2%) | 22 855 (0·2%) | 1199 (0·1%) | 538 (0·2%) | 106 (0·1%) | 195 (0·1%) | 9276 (0·2%) | |
| Neurological disease | 169 483 (1·0%) | 116 300 (1·1%) | 5803 (0·6%) | 1951 (0·6%) | 888 (0·5%) | 1163 (0·4%) | 43 378 (1·0%) | |
| Asthma | 2 663 321 (15·4%) | 1 790 975 (16·5%) | 125 745 (12·3%) | 37 351 (11·0%) | 25 776 (15·1%) | 22 406 (7·0%) | 661 068 (14·5%) | |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 718 047 (4·2%) | 527 265 (4·8%) | 17 435 (1·7%) | 5003 (1·5%) | 2274 (1·3%) | 3520 (1·1%) | 162 550 (3·6%) | |
Data are mean (SD), n (%), or median (IQR). BMI=body-mass index. HbA1c=glycated haemoglobin.
*
Including those with missing data.
†
Defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min per 1·73 m2.