Table 2.
Associations between ethnicity in five categories and COVID-19 outcomes in wave 1, with serial adjustment
| Denominator | Events |
Hazard ratio (95% CI) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Age-sex adjusted | Plus deprivation | Plus comorbidities and clinical factors* | Plus household size | |||
| Tested for SARS-CoV-2 (n=1 216 801) | |||||||
| White | 10 877 978 | 793 181 (7·3%) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| South Asian | 1 025 319 | 82 647 (8·1%) | 1·08 (1·08–1·09) | 1·11 (1·10–1·12) | 1·09 (1·08–1·09) | 1·09 (1·08–1·09) | 1·08 (1·07–1·09) |
| Black | 340 912 | 25 305 (7·4%) | 1·04 (1·03–1·05) | 1·08 (1·06–1·09) | 1·04 (1·03–1·06) | 1·08 (1·06–1·09) | 1·08 (1·06–1·09) |
| Mixed | 170 484 | 12 126 (7·1%) | 1·00 (0·98–1·01) | 1·03 (1·01–1·05) | 1·01 (1·00–1·03) | 1·04 (1·02–1·06) | 1·04 (1·02–1·05) |
| Other | 320 788 | 15 824 (4·9%) | 0·68 (0·67–0·69) | 0·71 (0·69–0·72) | 0·70 (0·69–0·71) | 0·78 (0·77–0·79) | 0·77 (0·76–0·78) |
| Unknown | 4 553 051 | 287 718 (6·3%) | 0·86 (0·86–0·87) | 0·88 (0·88–0·89) | 0·89 (0·88–0·89) | 0·97 (0·97–0·98) | 0·97 (0·97–0·98) |
| Tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (n=71 246) | |||||||
| White | 10 877 978 | 41 180 (0·4%) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| South Asian | 1 025 319 | 9679 (0·9%) | 2·38 (2·32–2·43) | 2·64 (2·57–2·70) | 2·45 (2·39–2·51) | 2·16 (2·10–2·21) | 1·99 (1·94–2·04) |
| Black | 340 912 | 2286 (0·7%) | 1·82 (1·74–1·90) | 2·04 (1·95–2·13) | 1·86 (1·78–1·94) | 1·74 (1·67–1·82) | 1·69 (1·62–1·77) |
| Mixed | 170 484 | 840 (0·5%) | 1·37 (1·28–1·46) | 1·59 (1·48–1·70) | 1·52 (1·42–1·63) | 1·51 (1·41–1·62) | 1·49 (1·39–1·59) |
| Other | 320 788 | 1213 (0·4%) | 1·06 (1·00–1·12) | 1·22 (1·15–1·29) | 1·18 (1·11–1·25) | 1·25 (1·18–1·33) | 1·20 (1·14–1·28) |
| Unknown | 4 553 051 | 16 048 (0·4%) | 0·97 (0·95–0·99) | 0·99 (0·98–1·01) | 1·00 (0·98–1·02) | 1·06 (1·04–1·08) | 1·06 (1·04–1·08) |
| COVID-19-related hospital admission†(n=32 473) | |||||||
| White | 11 110 312 | 20 504 (0·2%) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| South Asian | 1 026 551 | 2836 (0·3%) | 1·26 (1·21–1·31) | 2·04 (1·96–2·13) | 1·83 (1·76–1·91) | 1·59 (1·52–1·66) | 1·48 (1·41–1·55) |
| Black | 342 561 | 1051 (0·3%) | 1·39 (1·30–1·48) | 2·18 (2·05–2·33) | 1·89 (1·77–2·01) | 1·81 (1·70–1·94) | 1·78 (1·67–1·90) |
| Mixed | 171 933 | 302 (0·2%) | 0·86 (0·77–0·97) | 1·78 (1·59–1·99) | 1·64 (1·47–1·84) | 1·65 (1·47–1·85) | 1·63 (1·45–1·83) |
| Other | 323 529 | 504 (0·2%) | 0·77 (0·71–0·85) | 1·52 (1·39–1·66) | 1·43 (1·31–1·57) | 1·59 (1·45–1·74) | 1·54 (1·41–1·69) |
| Unknown | 4 408 386 | 7276 (0·2%) | 0·91 (0·88–0·93) | 0·96 (0·94–0·99) | 0·97 (0·94–0·99) | 1·06 (1·03–1·09) | 1·06 (1·03–1·09) |
| COVID-19-related intensive care unit admission (n=3096) | |||||||
| White‡ | 10 877 978 | 1700 (<0·1%) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| South Asian | 1 025 319 | 410 (<0·1%) | 2·38 (2·12–2·67) | 3·30 (2·93–3·71) | 3·05 (2·71–3·44) | 2·34 (2·07–2·64) | 2·18 (1·92–2·48) |
| Black | 340 912 | 186 (0·1%) | 3·08 (2·63–3·60) | 3·91 (3·34–4·58) | 3·52 (3·00–4·13) | 3·21 (2·73–3·77) | 3·12 (2·65–3·67) |
| Mixed | 170 484 | 56 (<0·1%) | 1·97 (1·51–2·57) | 3·19 (2·44–4·17) | 3·01 (2·30–3·94) | 3·02 (2·31–3·95) | 2·96 (2·26–3·87) |
| Other | 320 788 | 97 (<0·1%) | 1·83 (1·48–2·25) | 2·92 (2·37–3·60) | 2·80 (2·27–3·45) | 3·28 (2·66–4·06) | 3·18 (2·58–3·93) |
| Unknown | 4 553 051 | 662 (<0·1%) | 0·95 (0·87–1·04) | 1·03 (0·94–1·12) | 1·03 (0·94–1·13) | 1·09 (0·99–1·19) | 1·08 (0·99–1·19) |
| COVID-19-related death (n=11 649) | |||||||
| White | 10 877 978 | 7514 (0·1%) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| South Asian | 1 025 319 | 734 (0·1%) | 0·89 (0·83–0·97) | 1·85 (1·71–2·01) | 1·64 (1·52–1·78) | 1·47 (1·35–1·60) | 1·26 (1·15–1·37) |
| Black | 340 912 | 268 (0·1%) | 0·96 (0·85–1·09) | 1·88 (1·66–2·13) | 1·61 (1·42–1·82) | 1·50 (1·32–1·70) | 1·51 (1·33–1·71) |
| Mixed | 170 484 | 65 (<0·1%) | 0·51 (0·40–0·65) | 1·58 (1·23–2·01) | 1·44 (1·13–1·84) | 1·43 (1·12–1·83) | 1·41 (1·11–1·81) |
| Other | 320 788 | 107 (<0·1%) | 0·44 (0·37–0·54) | 1·25 (1·03–1·51) | 1·17 (0·97–1·42) | 1·24 (1·02–1·50) | 1·22 (1·00–1·48) |
| Unknown | 4 553 051 | 2961 (0·1%) | 0·95 (0·91–0·99) | 0·92 (0·88–0·96) | 0·93 (0·89–0·97) | 1·00 (0·95–1·04) | 1·01 (0·97–1·06) |
Data are N, n (%), or hazard ratio (95% CI).
*
Including number of primary care consultations in the preceding 12 months.
†
Analyses of COVID-19-related hospital admissions for wave 1 were added during the revision stage of this Article as data on hospitalisations became available in OpenSAFELY after the initial submission; therefore, cohort sizes differ for this outcome compared with other outcomes.
‡
For categories containing small numbers (≤5) within any subcategory, we have rounded all counts to the nearest 10, per data disclosure agreements.