Box 2.

Individual and population approaches to health risk factors

Intervention for	Individual-level interventions	Public health interventions
		Community level	National policy level
More modifiable risk factors
Physical inactivity	Advice and support, exercise prescription, gym or home exercise resources	Parks, cycling infrastructure, bike hire schemes	Active travel policies, working hours
Poor diet	Advice and support, referral to weight management services	Community gardens, cooking classes.	Sugar tax, pack sizes, food labelling, restrictions on promotions and marketing of unhealthy foods
Excess alcohol intake	Screening, individual advice and support	Local alcohol licensing, recovery communities	Minimum Unit Price legislation, restrictions on advertising
Smoking	Advice from health professional at routine appointment	Open access to pharmacy quit services	Mass advertising for telephone advice, bans on smoking in public places
Less modifiable risk factors
Poverty	Community links worker, financial inclusion advice	Anti-poverty community groups, food pantries, credit unions.	Active labour market policies, welfare system reform to improve ease of applications, minimum income for healthy living
Environmental	Access to private outdoor spaces, referral to social prescribing schemes	Green spaces, parks	Regulation to limit air pollution