Table 3.
Between- and within-group comparisons of change in sedentary behavior and physical activity after a 13-week mobile health intervention.a,b
| Sedentary behavior and physical activity metrics | Baseline, least square mean (95% CI) | Follow-up, least square mean (95% CI) | Within-group change, least square mean difference (95% CI) | P value | Between-group changec, least square mean difference (95% CI) | P value | |
| Sedentary, minutes per 15 hours awake | |||||||
|
|
Tech support | 598.5 (550.1 to 646.9) | 604.6 (549.1 to 660.0) | 6.0 (−39.5 to 51.6) | .79 | 8.5 (−50.5 to 67.5) | .77 |
|
|
Health coaching | 567.7 (517.9 to 617.5) | 575.6 (525.0 to 626.1) | 7.9 (−30.8 to 46.6) | .68 | 10.4 (−43.5 to 64.3) | .70 |
|
|
Control | 555.4 (507.0 to 603.8) | 552.9 (503.8 to 602.0) | −2.5 (−40.0 to 35.0) | .89 | N/Ad | N/A |
| Prolonged sedentary bouts (≥30 min), minutes per 15 hours awake | |||||||
|
|
Tech support | 319.8 (258.8 to 380.8) | 331.9 (263.8 to 400.0) | 12.1 (−38.2 to 62.4) | .63 | 4.7 (−60.3 to 69.7) | .88 |
|
|
Health coaching | 287.0 (224.2 to 349.7) | 305.5 (242.0 to 369.0) | 18.5 (−23.9 to 61.0) | .38 | 11.2 (−48.0 to 70.3) | .71 |
|
|
Control | 289.7 (228.7 to 350.7) | 297.1 (235.4 to 358.8) | 7.4 (−33.8 to 48.6) | .72 | N/A | N/A |
| Breaks from sitting, number per 15 hour awake | |||||||
|
|
Tech support | 50.6 (44.2 to 57.1) | 50.5 (43.2 to 57.9) | −0.1 (−5.9 to 5.8) | .97 | −0.1 (−7.6 to 7.4) | .97 |
|
|
Health coaching | 48.8 (42.2 to 55.4) | 46.6 (39.9 to 53.4) | −2.2 (−7.1 to 2.7) | .38 | −2.2 (−9.0 to 4.7) | .52 |
|
|
Control | 46.2 (39.7 to 52.6) | 46.2 (39.6 to 52.7) | 0.0 (−4.7 to 4.8) | 1.00 | N/A | N/A |
| Break ratio, number of breaks per sedentary hour | |||||||
|
|
Tech support | 5.4 (4.5 to 6.2) | 5.4 (4.5 to 6.4) | 0.06 (−0.66 to 0.77) | .87 | −0.08 (−1.00 to 0.85) | .87 |
|
|
Health coaching | 5.3 (4.4 to 6.2) | 4.9 (4.0 to 5.8) | −0.39 (−0.99 to 0.21) | .20 | −0.52 (−1.36 to 0.32) | .22 |
|
|
Control | 5.1 (4.2 to 5.9) | 5.2 (4.3 to 6.0) | 0.13 (−0.45 to 0.72) | .65 | N/A | N/A |
| Standing, minutes per 15 hours awake | |||||||
|
|
Tech support | 213.9 (174.2 to 253.7) | 202.8 (157.6 to 248.0) | −11.2 (−47.4 to 25.0) | .54 | −8.7 (−55.6 to 38.2) | .71 |
|
|
Health coaching | 243.0 (202.1 to 283.9) | 220.4 (178.9 to 261.8) | −22.6 (−53.3 to 8.1) | .14 | −20.1 (−62.9 to 22.6) | .35 |
|
|
Control | 241.9 (202.2 to 281.6) | 239.4 (199.2 to 279.7) | −2.5 (−32.3 to 27.3) | .87 | N/A | N/A |
| Steps per 15 hour awake | |||||||
|
|
Tech support | 6686 (5166 to 8206) | 7339 (5594 to 9085) | 654 (−794 to 2101) | .37 | 420 (−1456 to 2297) | .65 |
|
|
Health coaching | 6663 (5099 to 8227) | 8338 (6749 to 9926) | 1675 (444 to 2906) | .009e | 1441 (−273 to 3156) | .10 |
|
|
Control | 7898 (6378 to 9418) | 8132 (6590 to 9674) | 233 (−961 to 1428) | .70 | N/A | N/A |
| Light-intensity physical activity, minutes per 15 hours awake | |||||||
|
|
Tech support | 34.4 (27.2 to 41.5) | 33.1 (25.4 to 40.9) | −1.2 (−6.0 to 3.6) | .61 | −4.2 (−10.4 to 2.0) | .18 |
|
|
Health coaching | 37.3 (29.9 to 44.7) | 36.9 (29.5 to 44.4) | −0.3 (−4.4 to 3.7) | .86 | −3.3 (−8.9 to 2.3) | .24 |
|
|
Control | 38.8 (31.6 to 45.9) | 41.7 (34.5 to 49.0) | 3.0 (−0.9 to 6.9) | .13 | N/A | N/A |
| Moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA), minutes per 15 hours awake | |||||||
|
|
Tech support | 53.2 (40.2 to 66.1) | 59.5 (44.5 to 74.6) | 6.4 (−6.6 to 19.3) | .33 | 4.6 (−12.2 to 21.4) | .58 |
|
|
Health coaching | 52.1 (38.8 to 65.4) | 67.2 (53.7 to 80.8) | 15.2 (4.1 to 26.2) | .008e | 13.4 (−2.0 to 28.8) | .09 |
|
|
Control | 64.0 (51.0 to 76.9) | 65.7 (52.6 to 78.9) | 1.8 (−9.0 to 12.5) | .74 | N/A | N/A |
| MPA (guideline bouts), minutes per 15 hours awake | |||||||
|
|
Tech support | 5.8 (−3.2 to 14.8) | 13.0 (2.2 to 23.8) | 7.3 (−3.1 to 17.6) | .17 | 7.1 (−6.4 to 20.6) | .30 |
|
|
Health coaching | 3.0 (−6.3 to 12.2) | 19.7 (10.2 to 29.1) | 16.7 (7.8 to 25.7) | <.001e | 16.6 (4.1 to 29.0) | .01e |
|
|
Control | 12.1 (3.1 to 21.1) | 12.3 (3.1 to 21.4) | 0.2 (−8.5 to 8.8) | .97 | N/A | N/A |
aIntent-to-treat analyses.
bAll variables were standardized to a 15-hour awake per wear day before calculating the pre- to postintervention changes.
cComparisons are between each intervention group and the control group.
dN/A: not applicable.
eStatistically significant (P<.05) results.