Table 1.
Gut microbiota alterations in Parkinson’s disease
| Study Number | Study (Ref.) | Participants | Sample Used | Detection Method | Sequence Region | Overall Changes (α/β Diversity) | Increased in PD | Decreased in PD | GI Deficits? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Aho et al. (2019) (5) | Control: 64 PD: 64 |
Stool | 16S rRNA | V3-V4 | α diversity no change β diversity no change |
Bifidobacterium | Prevotella (G), Roseburia (G), | |
| 2. | Bedarf et al. (2017) (12) | Control: 28 PD: 31 |
Stool | Metagenomic shotgun analysis Illumina Hiseq4000 |
α diversity no change β diversity different |
Verrucomicrobiaceae (F), Firmicutes (F), Akkermansia (G) | Prevotellaceae (F), Erysipelotrichaceae (F), Prevotella (G), Eubacterium (G) | No constipation | |
| 3. | Hasegawa et al. (2015) (49) | Control: 36 PD: 52 |
Stool | 16S or 23S rRNA (qRT-PCR) |
Lactobacillus (G) | Species: Clostridium coccoides group, Clostridium leptum subgroup, Bacteroides fragilis group | |||
| 4. | Heintz-Buschart et al. (2018) (53) | Control: 78 PD: 76 |
Stool and nasal wash samples | 16S and 18S rRNA | V4 | α diversity no change β diversity different |
Verrucomicrobia (P), Verrucomicrobia (O), Verrucomicrobiaceae (F), Akkermansia (G) | ||
| 5. | Hill-Burns et al. (2017) (55) | Control: 130 PD: 197 |
Stool | 16S rRNA | α diversity no change β diversity different |
Bifidobacteriaceae (F), Lactobacillaceae (F), Tissierellaceae (F), Christensenellaceae (F), Verrucomicrobiaceae (F), Bifidobacterium (G), Lactobacillus (G), Akkermansia (G) | Lachnospiraceae (F), Pasteurellaceae (F), Blautia (G), Roseburia (G), Faecalibacterium (G) | ||
| 6. | Hopfner et al. (2017) (56) | Control: 29 PD: 29 |
Stool | 16S rRNA | V1, V2 | α diversity no change β diversity different |
Barnesiellaceae (F), Enterococcaceae (F), Lactobacillaceae (F) | ||
| 7. | Keshavarzian et al. (2015) (63) | Control: 34 PD: 38 |
Sigmoidmucosal biopsies and stool samples | high‐throughput rRNA sequencing | V4 | α diversity increase in PD β diversity different | Bacteroidetes (P), Proteobacteria (P), Verrucomicrobia (P), Clostridiaceae (F), Oscillospira (G), Akkermansia (G) | Firmicutes (P), Lachnospiraceae (F), Coprobacillaceae (F), Blautia (G), Coprococcus (G), Dorea (G), Roseburia (G) | |
| 8. | Li et al. (2017) (72) | Control: 14 PD: 24 |
Stool | 16S rRNA | V3, V4, V5 | Actinobacteria (P), Proteobacteria (P), Enterobacteriaceae (F), Streptococcaceae (F), Veillonellaceae (F), Acidaminococcus (G), Acinetobacter (G), Enterococcus (G), Escherichia-shigella (G), Megamonas (G), Megasphaera (G), proteus (G), Streptococcus (G) | Bacteroidetes (P), Pasteurellaceae (F), Blautia (G), Faecalibacterium (G), Ruminococcus (G) | ||
| 9. | Li C et al., 2019 (71) | Control: 48 PD: 51 |
Stool | 16S rRNA | V4 | α diversity no change reduced β-diversity in PD patients |
Akkermansia | Lactobacillus | |
| 10. | Lin et al. (2018) (73) | Control: 75 PD: 45 |
Stool | 16S rRNA | V4 | α diversity no change β diversity different |
Eubacteriaceae (F), Bifidobacteriaceae (F), Aerococcaceae (F), Desulfovibrionaceae (F) | Tenericutes (P), Euryarchaeota (P), Firmicutes (P), Streptococcaceae (F), Methylobacteriaceae (F), Comamonadaceae (F), Halomonadaceae (F), Hyphomonadaceae (F), Brucellaceae (F), Xanthomonadaceae (F), Lachnospiraceae (F), Actinomycetaceae (F), Sphingomonadaceae (F), Pasteurellaceae (F), Micrococcaceae (F), Intrasporangiaceae (F), Methanobacteriaceae (F), Idiomarinaceae (F), Brevibacteriaceae (F), Gemellaceae (F) | Constipation |
| 11. | Lin et al. 2019 (74) | Control: 77 PD: 80 |
Stool | 16S rRNA | V3-V4 | Parabacteroides, Verrucomicrobia (P), Akkermansia, Butyricimonas, Veillonella, Odoribacter, Mucispirillum, Bilophila, Enterococcus, and Lactobacillus | Prevotella (G) | Constipation | |
| 12. | Petrov et al. (2017) (99) | Control: 66 PD: 89 |
Stool | 16S rRNA | V3-V4 | α diversity decrease β diversity different |
Christensenella (G), Catabacter (G), Lactobacillus (G), Oscillospira (G), Bifidobacterium (G) | Dorea (G), Bacteroides (G), Prevotella (G), Faecalibacterium (G) | |
| 13. | Qian et al. (2018) (104) | Control: 45 PD: 45 | Stool | 16S rRNA | V3-V4 | α diversity increase β diversity different |
Clostridium IV (G), Aquabacterium (G), Holdemania (G), Sphingomonas (G), Clostridium XVIII (G), Butyricicoccus (G), Anaerotruncus (G) | Constipation | |
| 14. | Scheperjans et al. (2015) (112) | Control: 72, PD: 72 |
Stool | 16S rRNA | V1-V3 | α diversity no change β diversity different |
Lactobacillaceae (F), Verrucomicrobiaceae (F), Bradyrhizobiaceae (F), Clostridiales (F), Incertae Sedis IV (F) | Prevotellaceae (F) | Constipation |
| 15. | Unger et al. (2016) (126) | Control: 34 PD: 34 |
Stool | qPCR using bacterial primers | Enterobacteriaceae (F), Bifidobacterium (G) | Bacteroidetes (P), Prevotellaceae (F, descriptively reduced), Lactobacillaceae (F), Enterococcaceae, Species: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | Constipation |
PD, Parkinson’s disease; qPCR, quantitative PCR.