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Effects of fibers and anthocyanins on the intestinal barrier. Note effects of SCFA on intracellular production of ATP, mucus layer, GLP-2 production, and regulation of immune cells including T cells. ATP, adenosine triphosphate; GLP-2, glucagon-like peptide-2; s-IgA, secretory immunoglobulin-A; SCFA, short-chain fatty acid. One-sided arrow shows activation.
