Table 1.
Effects of ingested components with reported effects on barrier function in vivo (human or animal studies)
| Dietary Component | Effects on Barrier Function | References |
|---|---|---|
| Fiber: inulin, pectin, fructo-oligosaccharides | NAFLD, environmental enteropathy, obesity/metabolic syndrome, dextran sulfate colitis | (42, 74, 96, 162) |
| Vitamins and minerals: vitamins A and D, zinc | Vitamin D receptor knockout and DSS-induced colitis in mice; vitamin A or zinc deficiency in children | (36, 94, 127, 166, 172) |
| Others: polyphenols, flavonones, and anthocyanins | Exercise-related oxidative stress and inflammation | (75) |
| Probiotics | Obesity; primary sclerosing cholangitis and IBD | (98, 115) |
| Synbiotics: probiotics and prebiotics | Indomethacin-induced increased permeability; obesity | (57, 186) |
| Prebiotics | Nonobese diabetic mice; Western diet-induced increased intestinal permeability in mice; aspirin-induced intestinal permeability in humans; children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus; preterm infants; burns | (21, 37, 72, 98, 126, 184) |
| Arabinoxylans | Overweight and obesity | (143) |
| Macronutrients |
||
| Protein | Protein-restricted diet or dexamethasone-induced permeability in chickens; dietary meat and fish (and fat) in epidemiological studies of IBD | (11, 78) |
| Gluten | Mice with DSS-induced colitis; human nonceliac gluten sensitivity and IBS-D | (117, 145, 174) |
| Sulfur-containing amino acids: cysteine and methionine | Rats infected with Salmonella enteritidis; ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats; high-fat diet with methionine restriction in mice | (159, 169, 193) |
| Other amino acids | ||
| Glutamine | Glutamine: mice with activity-based anorexia; malnourished children; Crohn’s disease; burn patients; acute pancreatitis | (9, 14, 81, 101, 132) |
| l-Tryptophan | Tryptophan: colitis in mice | (77) |
| Arginine | Arginine: intestinal injury induced by heat stress; ischemia-reperfusion; methotrexate; NASH or intestinal obstruction in rodents; mouse colitis | (7, 95, 148, 157, 171, 176, 190) |
| Sugars | ||
| Glucose | Hyperglycemia in mice and obese humans | (165) |
| Fructose | Human inflammation; alcoholic liver disease; NAFLD/NASH | (55, 167, 197) |
| Fat | ||
| Fat-restricted diets | Polyunsaturated fat intake and ulcerative colitis (epidemiology) | (70) |
| Obesity and hepatic steatosis | (16, 48) | |
| Alcohol | Alcohol abuse and alcoholic liver disease | (18, 91) |
| Intraluminal emulsifiers |
||
| Endogenous bile acids | Detergent effects in mammalian colon | (124) |
| Dietary emulsifiers | Mouse colon permeability and inflammatory changes | (34) |
| Receptors associated with intraluminal factors |
||
| Aryl hydrocarbon receptor | Anti-inflammatory in diverse animal models of immune diseases | (64) |
| Pregnane X receptor | DSS-colitis in mice; metabolic syndrome-obesity; T2DM; RYGB | (32, 77, 79, 168) |
DSS, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; IBS-D, diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; RYGB, Roux-en Y gastric bypass; T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus.