Table 1. Participant demographics.
Values given are median (lower quartile, upper quartile) or number (%). * Indicates missing data for one neonate.
| Study 1 | Study 3 | Study 4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control group | Intervention group | Control group | Intervention group | Template validation | ||
| Number of neonates | 9 | 18 | 20 | 15 | 14 | 16 |
| Gestational age (GA) at birth (weeks) | 40.7 (40.3, 41) | 40 (37.1, 40.7) | 39.1 (37.1, 40.6) | 27.6 (25.6, 28.8) | 27.3 (26.3, 28.3) | 40.6 (40, 41) |
| Postmenstrual age (PMA) at time of study (weeks) | 41 (40.9, 41.7) | 40.5 (37.6, 40.9) | 39.5 (37.8, 41.1) | 38 (37.2, 39.4) | 37.2 (36.2, 38.1) | 40.7 (40.1, 41.4) |
| Postnatal age (PNA) at time of study (days) | 2 (2, 4) | 1.5 (1, 3.5) | 4 (2, 5) | 64 (59, 90) | 64 (62, 70.8) | 2 (1, 3) |
| Birthweight (g) | 4140 (3725, 4320) | 3675 (3021, 3881) | 3390 (3051, 3908) | 1040 (705, 1268) | 880 (708, 1031) | 3520 (3103, 3786) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 4 (44) | 11 (61) | 9 (45) | 9 (60) | 9 (36) | 12 (75) |
| Female | 5 (56) | 7 (39) | 11 (55) | 6 (40) | 5 (64) | 4 (25) |
| Mode of delivery | ||||||
| NVD (normal vaginal delivery) | 2 (22) | 6 (33) | 7 (35) | 6 (40) | 3 (21.4) | 8 (50) |
| Assisted vaginal ventouse/forceps | 6 (67) | 3 (17) | 4 (20) | 0 (0) | 1 (7.1) | 4 (25) |
| Emergency C-section | 0 (0) | 6 (33) | 5 (25) | 7 (47) | 7 (50) | 4 (25) |
| Elective C-section | 1 (11) | 3 (17) | 4 (20) | 2 (13) | 3 (21.4) | 0 (0) |
| Apgar score at 1 min | 9 (8, 10) | 9 (8, 10) | 9 (7, 10) | 5 (4, 6)* | 7 (3, 8)* | 9 (9, 10) |
| Apgar score at 5 min | 10 (10, 10) | 10 (10, 10) | 10 (9, 10) | 8 (7, 9)* | 8 (7, 10)* | 10 (10, 10) |
| Estimated cumulative prior pain exposure | 4 (1, 4)* | 2 (2, 6) | 5 (3, 8)* | 31 (28, 451) | 78 (58, 219) | 0 (0, 0) |