Table 1.

Content variation of hydrosoluble compounds in four endive cultivars from two growth cycles

	Contents (mg g−1 dry weight)								Variation sources
	Year I				Year II
Comp.	Domari	Myrna	Confiance	Flester	Domari	Myrna	Confiance	Flester	G	Y	G×Y
αGLC	40.36 ± 9.83a	40.77 ± 5.28a	40.73 ± 6.29a	37.95 ± 6.88a	31.93 ± 4.2ab	18.97 ± 4.17 cd	25.91 ± 7.67bc	16.16 ± 4.35d	ns	***	*
βGLC	77.06 ± 17.56a	76.81 ± 9.67a	76.44 ± 11.52a	72.13 ± 13.67a	61.92 ± 9.31ab	35.92 ± 8.29 cd	49.75 ± 14.87bc	31.14 ± 7.41d	ns	***	**
FRU	148.21 ± 35.64	144.63 ± 18.82	145.61 ± 19.51	142.64 ± 26.08	134.28 ± 16.81	93.98 ± 21.62	112.22 ± 31.92	84.47 ± 17.55	ns	**	ns
INUL	2.59 ± 0.42a	1.99 ± 0.44ab	1.59 ± 0.37bc	1.30 ± 0.30 cd	1.58 ± 1.00bc	0.69 ± 0.30de	0.57 ± 0.37e	0.80 ± 0.41de	***	***	*
KES	8.60 ± 2.13a	8.46 ± 1.97a	4.39 ± 1.10b	4.22 ± 0.77b	3.24 ± 1.36bc	1.31 ± 0.75 cd	0.85 ± 0.42d	2.08 ± 0.87 cd	***	***	***
SUC	34.65 ± 5.97a	25.22 ± 4.27b	28.73 ± 6.61ab	22.53 ± 2.22bc	16.23 ± 3.45 cd	16.09 ± 4.22 cd	9.59 ± 3.12d	17.9 ± 3.81c	***	***	***
CAR-T	311.47 ± 64.11	297.89 ± 37.16	297.49 ± 40.68	280.77 ± 47.75	249.19 ± 31.02	166.97 ± 34.13	198.88 ± 57.74	145.53 ± 35.98	ns	***	ns
CA	3.91 ± 1.41	3.34 ± 0.82	6.25 ± 1.47	4.46 ± 1.15	5.18 ± 2.78	3.72 ± 1.28	6.58 ± 1.67	6.52 ± 1.83	***	ns	ns
FA	0.09 ± 0.03	0.12 ± 0.03	0.08 ± 0.01	0.11 ± 0.02	0.13 ± 0.02	0.13 ± 0.12	0.09 ± 0.02	0.08 ± 0.01	ns	ns	ns
LA	0.05 ± 0.03	0.07 ± 0.03	0.04 ± 0.03	0.06 ± 0.03	0.08 ± 0.04	0.08 ± 0.05	0.07 ± 0.03	0.09 ± 0.05	ns	ns	ns
MA	19.69 ± 1.77b	19.15 ± 1.74b	20.26 ± 2.16b	18.92 ± 1.83b	24.02 ± 1.69a	18.6 ± 2.95b	19.11 ± 2.23b	21.52 ± 2.64ab	ns	ns	**
SA	0.19 ± 0.06d	0.20 ± 0.03d	0.26 ± 0.06d	0.29 ± 0.06d	0.55 ± 0.08b	0.41 ± 0.06c	0.48 ± 0.11bc	0.70 ± 0.09a	**	***	***
TA	1.29 ± 0.27b	0.92 ± 0.17b	1.45 ± 0.31b	0.94 ± 0.21b	2.85 ± 1.05a	1.32 ± 0.37b	3.01 ± 0.45a	1.40 ± 0.35b	**	***	***
OA-T	25.21 ± 2.45cde	23.79 ± 1.88e	28.34 ± 2.76bcd	24.79 ± 2.6de	32.8 ± 2.93a	24.24 ± 3.89de	29.34 ± 3.14abc	30.31 ± 3.35ab	**	ns	**
ALA	0.60 ± 0.11bc	0.73 ± 0.12ab	0.53 ± 0.12c	0.55 ± 0.12bc	0.73 ± 0.05ab	0.71 ± 0.13abc	0.81 ± 0.22a	0.55 ± 0.08bc	**	***	**
ASN	6.01 ± 1.30bc	6.17 ± 1.09bc	5.21 ± 1.31bc	4.09 ± 1.12 cd	8.61 ± 3.18a	4.92 ± 2.02bc	7.11 ± 2.12ab	1.87 ± 0.36d	*	ns	***
ASP	1.54 ± 0.34a	1.20 ± 0.17ab	1.09 ± 0.21b	1.39 ± 0.19ab	1.55 ± 0.17a	1.26 ± 0.26ab	1.36 ± 0.13ab	1.13 ± 0.28b	***	ns	**
GABA	0.86 ± 0.24bc	1.49 ± 0.29a	0.57 ± 0.18c	0.98 ± 0.17bc	0.94 ± 0.20bc	1.07 ± 0.56ab	0.75 ± 0.12bc	0.77 ± 0.18bc	***	ns	*
GLN	6.13 ± 2.22ab	7.66 ± 2.34a	3.05 ± 1.15 cd	2.30 ± 0.80d	4.88 ± 2.35bc	2.52 ± 1.56 cd	2.72 ± 1.07 cd	0.69 ± 0.10d	***	ns	***
GLU	2.69 ± 0.85a	1.71 ± 0.59bc	2.34 ± 0.49ab	1.76 ± 0.47bc	1.81 ± 0.32bc	1.96 ± 0.45abc	1.44 ± 0.14c	1.61 ± 0.28bc	***	***	**
ILE	0.15 ± 0.04b	0.13 ± 0.02b	0.08 ± 0.03c	0.16 ± 0.03b	0.27 ± 0.03a	0.15 ± 0.02b	0.15 ± 0.01b	0.15 ± 0.02b	***	***	***
PHE	0.13 ± 0.04c	0.13 ± 0.03c	0.12 ± 0.04c	0.24 ± 0.04b	0.39 ± 0.04a	0.27 ± 0.05b	0.28 ± 0.04b	0.27 ± 0.03b	***	***	***
THR	0.45 ± 0.13bcd	0.47 ± 0.06bc	0.32 ± 0.06de	0.31 ± 0.05de	0.73 ± 0.19a	0.41 ± 0.12 cd	0.56 ± 0.13b	0.23 ± 0.05e	***	***	***
VAL	0.27 ± 0.07ef	0.28 ± 0.04de	0.20 ± 0.06 f	0.3 ± 0.03cde	0.45 ± 0.05a	0.38 ± 0.07ab	0.37 ± 0.03bc	0.36 ± 0.05bcd	***	***	**
AA-T	18.85 ± 4.13ab	19.96 ± 3.82ab	13.51 ± 2.37c	12.08 ± 1.78 cd	20.36 ± 5.14a	13.67 ± 3.51c	15.53 ± 3.37bc	7.63 ± 0.96d	***	ns	***
CHA	0.87 ± 0.41de	0.78 ± 0.37de	0.42 ± 0.28e	1.16 ± 0.68cde	1.72 ± 0.49 cd	2.10 ± 0.98bc	3.05 ± 1.31ab	4.03 ± 1.08a	ns	***	***
MCTA	0.08 ± 0.02b	0.14 ± 0.08b	0.07 ± 0.04b	0.07 ± 0.03b	0.16 ± 0.06ab	0.19 ± 0.17ab	0.18 ± 0.08ab	0.29 ± 0.14a	ns	*	*
PHN-T	0.95 ± 0.42de	0.93 ± 0.37de	0.49 ± 0.29e	1.23 ± 0.69cde	1.88 ± 0.54 cd	2.29 ± 0.91bc	3.23 ± 1.36ab	4.32 ± 1.21a	ns	***	***
CI	0.66 ± 0.27a	0.28 ± 0.06 cd	0.39 ± 0.15bcd	0.21 ± 0.07d	0.77 ± 0.02a	0.59 ± 0.08ab	0.44 ± 0.12bc	0.32 ± 0.07 cd	***	ns	*
MI	5.76 ± 0.58a	4.19 ± 0.6 cd	5.05 ± 0.34abc	5.00 ± 0.39abc	5.34 ± 0.85ab	3.09 ± 1.53de	4.34 ± 0.58bc	2.46 ± 0.26e	***	ns	***
SI	0.19 ± 0.05	0.17 ± 0.05	0.38 ± 0.07	0.45 ± 0.09	0.25 ± 0.05	0.28 ± 0.31	0.47 ± 0.09	0.69 ± 0.10	***	ns	ns
QA	0.38 ± 0.06	0.26 ± 0.06	0.28 ± 0.04	0.24 ± 0.05	0.44 ± 0.04	0.27 ± 0.09	0.24 ± 0.03	0.24 ± 0.03	***	ns	ns
POL-T	7.00 ± 0.88a	4.89 ± 0.69cde	6.10 ± 0.46abc	5.89 ± 0.50abc	6.80 ± 0.83ab	4.23 ± 1.97de	5.49 ± 0.60bcd	3.71 ± 0.28e	***	ns	*
CHN	1.20 ± 0.11 cd	1.21 ± 0.10 cd	1.13 ± 0.09d	1.30 ± 0.09 cd	1.83 ± 0.13a	1.51 ± 0.15b	1.73 ± 0.14a	1.38 ± 0.14bc	*	***	***
ETA	0.80 ± 0.22 cd	0.73 ± 0.12d	0.84 ± 0.16 cd	0.96 ± 0.16bc	1.22 ± 0.07a	1.13 ± 0.05ab	1.20 ± 0.08a	1.08 ± 0.06ab	**	***	**
OTR-T	2.01 ± 0.27ef	1.94 ± 0.17 f	1.97 ± 0.18ef	2.26 ± 0.20de	3.05 ± 0.19a	2.63 ± 0.19bc	2.93 ± 0.20ab	2.47 ± 0.18 cd	**	***	***

Italic entries indicate significant GxY interactions and letters except for the CAR-T (total carbohydrates) because it is not significant

Study of effects by genotype and year as sources of variation using data from cultivars produced by outdoor winter cultivation cycles (2011, 2012) in Lazio. G, genotype; Y, year; G × Y, genotype: year interaction. Significance letters refer to G × Y effect; ns, non-significant; *, **, *** = significant at P ≤ 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 respectively. Mean conversion factors into mg g⁻¹ FW for Domari, Myrna, Confiance, and Flester are respectively: 13.00, 13.17, 13.60, 14.13 in 2011, and 19.04, 19.42, 19.13 and 20.69 in 2012. As for compound abbreviations, see legend of Fig. 1d