Table 1.
Baseline clinical, laboratory, and procedural characteristics.
| Variables | Group A normoglycemia (n = 3673) | Group B prediabetes (n = 5205) | Group C diabetes (n = 5017) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group A1 1G-DES (n = 482) |
Group A2 2G-DES (n = 3191) |
p value | Group B1 1G-DES (n = 767) |
Group B2 2G-DES (n = 4438) |
p value | Group C1 1G-DES (n = 779) |
Group C2 2G-DES (n = 4238) |
p value | |
| Male, n (%) | 367 (76.1) | 2558 (80.2) | 0.041 | 555 (72.4) | 3276 (73.8) | 0.398 | 539 (69.2) | 3013 (71.7) | 0.283 |
| Age, years | 61.6 ± 13.4 | 61.4 ± 13.0 | 0.836 | 64.0 ± 12.0 | 64.3 ± 12.4 | 0.488 | 63.4 ± 11.6 | 63.3 ± 11.6 | 0.823 |
| LVEF, % | 53.4 ± 11.9 | 52.9 ± 10.7 | 0.306 | 52.6 ± 12.4 | 52.3 ± 11.2 | 0.578 | 51.3 ± 12.1 | 51.2 ± 11.6 | 0.809 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.9 ± 2.8 | 23.8 ± 3.1 | 0.556 | 24.1 ± 3.1 | 24.1 ± 3.3 | 0.892 | 24.5 ± 3.1 | 24.5 ± 3.2 | 0.699 |
| SBP, mmHg | 129.9 ± 26.9 | 131.2 ± 27.8 | 0.354 | 130.4 ± 27.9 | 129.5 ± 27.7 | 0.421 | 130.5 ± 25.9 | 131.6 ± 28.1 | 0.319 |
| DBP, mmHg | 80.3 ± 16.7 | 80.6 ± 16.7 | 0.791 | 80.2 ± 16.1 | 78.7 ± 16.3 | 0.017 | 78.9 ± 15.5 | 79.1 ± 16.4 | 0.825 |
| Cardiogenic shock, n (%) | 16 (3.3) | 126 (3.9) | 0.612 | 41 (5.3) | 203 (4.6) | 0.351 | 18 (2.3) | 190 (4.5) | 0.004 |
| CPR on admission, n (%) | 6 (1.2) | 154 (4.8) | < 0.001 | 19 (2.5) | 217 (4.9) | 0.002 | 10 (1.3) | 167 (3.9) | < 0.001 |
| STEMI, n (%) | 283 (58.7) | 1894 (59.4) | 0.790 | 437 (57.0) | 2576 (58.0) | 0.580 | 438 (56.2) | 2276 (53.7) | 0.194 |
| Primary PCI, n (%) | 264 (93.3) | 1825 (96.4) | 0.014 | 407 (93.1) | 2477 (96.2) | 0.004 | 415/ (94.7) | 2177/ (95.7) | 0.404 |
| NSTEMI, n (%) | 199 (41.3) | 1298 (40.7) | 0.790 | 330 (43.0) | 1862 (42.0) | 0.580 | 341 (43.8) | 1962 (46.3) | 0.194 |
| PCI within 24 h | 144 (72.4) | 1146 (88.3) | < 0.001 | 255 (77.3) | 1592/ (85.5) | < 0.001 | 247/ (72.4) | 1654/ (84.3) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 228 (47.3) | 1333 (41.8) | 0.022 | 393 (51.2) | 2188 (49.3) | 0.322 | 432 (55.5) | 2427 (57.3) | 0.348 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 36 (7.5) | 271 (8.5) | 0.481 | 17 (10.0) | 524 (11.8) | 0.178 | 117 (15.0) | 623 (14.7) | 0.826 |
| Previous MI, n (%) | 14 (2.9) | 98 (3.1) | 0.843 | 20 (2.6) | 137 (3.1) | 0.567 | 21 (2.7) | 196 (4.6) | 0.013 |
| Previous PCI, n (%) | 17 (3.5) | 135 (4.2) | 0.540 | 42 (5.5) | 239 (5.4) | 0.931 | 49 (6.3) | 314 (7.4) | 0.292 |
| Previous CABG, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (0.3) | 0.616 | 3 (0.4) | 13 (0.3) | 0.720 | 4 (0.5) | 30 (0.7) | 0.811 |
| Previous CVA, n (%) | 18 (3.7) | 153 (4.8) | 0.354 | 47 (6.1) | 268 (6.0) | 0.935 | 49 (6.3) | 311 (7.3) | 0.326 |
| Previous HF, n (%) | 2 (0.4) | 18 (0.6) | 0.678 | 8 (1.0) | 50 (1.1) | 0.839 | 18 (2.3) | 62 (1.5) | 0.087 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 233 (48.3) | 1441 (45.2) | 0.191 | 309 (40.3) | 1943 (43.8) | 0.076 | 317 (40.7) | 1731 (40.8) | 0.968 |
| Peak CK-MB, mg/dL | 128.9 ± 149.4 | 139.0 ± 203.7 | 0.189 | 126.0 ± 204.3 | 138.3 ± 197.0 | 0.119 | 102.6 ± 152.9 | 106.3 ± 143.3 | 0.534 |
| Peak troponin-I, ng/mL | 39.5 ± 54.9 | 48.3 ± 75.2 | 0.002 | 40.7 ± 80.7 | 46.7 ± 107.5 | 0.072 | 37.7 ± 63.4 | 48.6 ± 94.8 | 0.001 |
| NT-ProBNP, pg/mL | 2307.6 ± 4254.5 | 1879.2 ± 3457.2 | 0.035 | 2194.5 ± 4071.7 | 2070.7 ± 3721.1 | 0.431 | 2549.2 ± 4658.0 | 2414.0 ± 5379.2 | 0.468 |
| Hs-CRP, mg/dL | 15.4 ± 83.9 | 7.9 ± 28.5 | < 0.001 | 12.8 ± 35.4 | 9.8 ± 46.2 | 0.038 | 16.3 ± 62.6 | 11.5 ± 43.7 | 0.039 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/L | 1.08 ± 0.96 | 1.03 ± 0.99 | 0.268 | 1.12 ± 1.02 | 1.11 ± 1.50 | 0.926 | 1.26 ± 2.50 | 1.18 ± 1.66 | 0.352 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 183.4 ± 40.2 | 180.6 ± 40.8 | 0.161 | 187.7 ± 43.2 | 186.0 ± 44.1 | 0.332 | 186.3 ± 47.6 | 181.1 ± 48.4 | 0.005 |
| Triglyceride, mg/L | 116.4 ± 75.8 | 118.3 ± 88.0 | 0.625 | 118.4 ± 74.4 | 131.5 ± 101.1 | < 0.001 | 153.4 ± 124.4 | 157.1 ± 136.7 | 0.459 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/L | 44.7 ± 12.7 | 44.4 ± 15.2 | 0.616 | 44.6 ± 12.7 | 43.4 ± 15.1 | 0.022 | 43.3 ± 22.9 | 41.8 ± 14.2 | 0.090 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/L | 117.2 ± 34.8 | 114.6 ± 36.0 | 0.120 | 120.4 ± 37.4 | 118.8 ± 45.0 | 0.304 | 116.8 ± 42.4 | 112.0 ± 38.5 | 0.003 |
| Diabetes management | |||||||||
| Diet, n (%) | 53 (6.8) | 306 (7.2) | 0.762 | ||||||
| Oral agent, n (%) | 469 (60.2) | 2488 (58.7) | 0.435 | ||||||
| Insulin, n (%) | 49 (6.3) | 252 (5.9) | 0.710 | ||||||
| Untreated, n (%) | 208 (26.7) | 1192 (28.1) | 0.413 | ||||||
| Discharge medications | |||||||||
| Aspirin, n (%) | 454 (94.2) | 3092 (96.9) | 0.002 | 724 (94.4) | 4276 (96.3) | < 0.001 | 726 (93.2) | 4072 (96.1) | < 0.001 |
| Clopidogrel, n (%) | 477 (99.0) | 2573 (80.6) | < 0.001 | 746 (97.3) | 3810 (85.8) | < 0.001 | 757 (97.2) | 3624 (85.5) | < 0.001 |
| Ticagrelor, n (%) | 1 (0.2) | 382 (12.0) | < 0.001 | 4 (0.5) | 382 (8.6) | < 0.001 | 8 (1.0) | 328 (7.7) | < 0.001 |
| Prasugrel, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 198 (6.2) | < 0.001 | 4 (0.5) | 203 (4.6) | < 0.001 | 2 (0.3) | 204 (4.8) | < 0.001 |
| Cilostazole, n (%) | 137 (28.4) | 449 (14.1) | < 0.001 | 223 (29.1) | 848 (19.1) | < 0.001 | 231 (29.7) | 830 (19.6) | < 0.001 |
| Beta-blockers, n (%) | 380 (78.8) | 2651 (83.1) | 0.022 | 608 (79.3) | 3680 (82.9) | < 0.001 | 594 (76.3) | 3522 (83.1) | < 0.001 |
| ACEIs, n (%) | 308 (63.9) | 1843 (57.8) | 0.011 | 444 (57.9) | 2404 (54.2) | 0.012 | 438 (56.2) | 2176 (51.3) | 0.012 |
| ARBs, n (%) | 91 (18.9) | 765 (24.0) | 0.014 | 185 (24.1) | 1133 (25.5) | 0.004 | 189 (24.3) | 1240 (29.3) | 0.004 |
| CCBs, n (%) | 37 (7.7) | 181 (5.7) | 0.083 | 55 (7.2) | 245 (5.5) | 0.248 | 68 (8.7) | 319 (7.5) | 0.248 |
| Lipid lowering agents | 393 (81.5) | 2876 (90.1) | < 0.001 | 618 (80.6) | 3937 (88.7) | < 0.001 | 601 (77.2) | 3645 (86.0) | < 0.001 |
| IRA | |||||||||
| Left main, n (%) | 7 (1.5) | 54 (1.7) | 0.849 | 19 (2.5) | 77 (1.7) | 0.670 | 16 (2.1) | 79 (1.9) | 0.670 |
| LAD, n (%) | 257 (53.3) | 1603 (50.2) | 0.207 | 373 (48.6) | 2179 (49.1) | 0.275 | 377 (48.4) | 1961 (46.3) | 0.275 |
| LCx, n (%) | 81 (16.8) | 523 (16.4) | 0.819 | 136 (17.7) | 728 (16.4) | 0.174 | 147 (18.9) | 715 (16.9) | 0.174 |
| RCA, n (%) | 136 (28.2) | 1010 (31.7) | 0.140 | 239 (31.2) | 1454 (32.8) | 0.024 | 238 (30.6) | 1474 (34.8) | 0.024 |
| Treated vessel | |||||||||
| Left main, n (%) | 17 (3.5) | 84 (2.6) | 0.293 | 27 (3.5) | 129 (2.9) | 0.237 | 30 (3.9) | 129 (3.0) | 0.237 |
| LAD, n (%) | 291 (60.4) | 1883 (59.0) | 0.570 | 460 (60.0) | 2591 (58.4) | 0.994 | 458 (58.8) | 2491 (58.8) | 0.994 |
| LCx, n (%) | 122 (25.3) | 786 (24.6) | 0.747 | 217 (28.3) | 1144 (25.8) | 0.985 | 219 (28.1) | 1190 (28.1) | 0.985 |
| RCA, n (%) | 169 (35.1) | 1182 (37.0) | 0.418 | 292 (38.1) | 1744 (39.3) | 0.252 | 313 (40.2) | 1799 (42.4) | 0.252 |
| ACC/AHA lesion type | |||||||||
| Type B1, n (%) | 82 (17.0) | 424 (13.3) | 0.027 | 120 (15.6) | 597 (13.5) | 0.009 | 124 (15.9) | 530 (12.5) | 0.009 |
| Type B2, n (%) | 153 (31.7) | 1064 (33.3) | 0.500 | 248 (32.3) | 1425 (32.1) | 0.180 | 231 (29.7) | 1362 (32.1) | 0.180 |
| Type C, n (%) | 168 (34.9) | 1424 (44.6) | < 0.001 | 284 (37.0) | 1957 (44.1) | < 0.001 | 277 (35.6) | 1942 (45.8) | < 0.001 |
| Extent of CAD | |||||||||
| 1-vessel, n (%) | 229 (47.5) | 1744 (54.7) | 0.003 | 327 (42.6) | 2234 (50.3) | < 0.001 | 280 (35.9) | 1807 (42.6) | < 0.001 |
| 2-vessel, n (%) | 166 (34.4) | 962 (30.1) | 0.057 | 251 (32.7) | 1398 (31.5) | 0.847 | 265 (34.0) | 1426 (33.6) | 0.847 |
| ≥ 3-vessel, n (%) | 87 (18.0) | 485 (15.2) | 0.121 | 189 (24.6) | 806 (18.2) | < 0.001 | 234 (30.0) | 1005 (23.7) | < 0.001 |
| DESs | |||||||||
| SES, n (%) | 225 (46.7) | 330 (43.0) | 352 (45.2) | ||||||
| PES, n (%) | 257 (53.3) | 437 (57.0) | 427 (54.8) | ||||||
| ZES, n (%) | 1015 (31.8) | 1529 (34.5) | 1478 (34.9) | ||||||
| EES, n (%) | 1625 (50.9) | 2278 (51.3) | 2194 (51.8) | ||||||
| BES, n (%) | 525 (16.4) | 600 (13.5) | 536 (12.6) | ||||||
| Others, n (%) | 26 (0.8) | 31 (0.7) | 30 (0.7) | ||||||
| IVUS | 119 (24.7) | 682 (21.4) | 0.110 | 185 (24.1) | 1038 (23.4) | 0.533 | 156 (20.0) | 894 (21.1) | 0.533 |
| OCT | 0 (0.0) | 24 (0.8) | 0.064 | 1 (0.1) | 34 (0.8) | 0.010 | 0 (0.0) | 31 (0.7) | 0.010 |
| FFR | 1 (0.2) | 30 (0.9) | 0.114 | 1 (0.1) | 60 (1.4) | 0.026 | 2 (0.3) | 46 (1.1) | 0.026 |
| Stent diameter, mm | 3.16 ± 0.42 | 3.16 ± 0.43 | 0.907 | 3.14 ± 0.42 | 3.14 ± 0.42 | 0.098 | 3.07 ± 0.39 | 3.10 ± 0.42 | 0.098 |
| Stent length, mm | 25.9 ± 7.8 | 27.1 ± 11.4 | 0.004 | 26.0 ± 7.2 | 26.9 ± 11.5 | 0.003 | 26.5 ± 7.9 | 27.5 ± 11.8 | 0.003 |
| Number of stent | 1.50 ± 0.84 | 1.42 ± 0.75 | 0.053 | 1.55 ± 0.84 | 1.48 ± 0.80 | 0.469 | 1.59 ± 0.90 | 1.56 ± 0.84 | 0.469 |
Values are means ± SD or numbers and percentages. The p values for continuous data were obtained from the analysis of variance. The p values for categorical data were obtained from the chi-square or Fisher’s exact test.
PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, BMS bare-metal stents, 1G first-generation, 2G second-generation, DES drug-eluting stents, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, BMI body mass index, CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation, MI myocardial infarction, CABG coronary artery bypass graft, CVA cerebrovascular accidents, HF heart failure, CK-MB creatine kinase myocardial band, NT-ProBNP N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, Hs-CRP high-sensitivity-C-reactive protein, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, ACEIs angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARBs angiotensin receptor blockers, CCBs calcium channel blockers, IRA infarct-related artery, ACC/AHA American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association, CAD coronary artery disease, SES sirolimus-eluting stent, PES paclitaxel-eluting stent, ZES zotarolimus-eluting stent, EES everolimus-eluting stent, BES biolimus-eluting stent, IVUS intravascular ultrasound, OCT optical coherence tomography, FFR fractional flow reserve.