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. 2021 Apr 30;11:9398. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-88917-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Results of QTL analysis for the six grain-related traits (a–f), their allelic effects (g–k), and schematics of the allelic effects (l-p). (a,g,l) Grain length, (b) grain width, (c,h,m) grain thickness, (d,i,n) grain length/width ratio, (e,j,o) grain length/thickness ratio, and (f,k,p) grain width/thickness ratio. (a–f) LOD profiles obtained from composite interval mapping (CIM). Horizontal dotted lines represent a threshold of the 1000 × permutation test (P < 0.05). (g–k) Contributions of SNP genotypes for significant QTLs. Box and violin plots show the effects of the nearest marker genotypes for each QTL or allelic combinations of QTLs. Different letters denote significant differences according to the Tukey–Kramer test (P < 0.05). Asterisks indicate significant differences between genotypes (Welch’s t-test, P < 0.01).