FIGURE 1.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) treatment ameliorated cisplatin‐induced acute kidney injury in mice. (A) BUN and SCr of mice treated with 10 mg/kg DMF daily and treated with cisplatin for 72 h (n = 8 mice in each group). (B) PAS staining revealed that renal tubular injury induced by cisplatin was greatly reversed by DMF (10 mg/kg/day) treatment, and the renal tubular injury score was calculated (shown on the right); magnification 400×; scale bar: 20 μm. (C) Representative results of Western blotting showing that the protein levels of NGAL and KIM‐1 were significantly increased in the kidneys of cisplatin‐treated mice and were decreased after DMF (10 mg/kg/day) treatment; the images are quantified using ImageJ. (D) Representative images of TUNEL staining revealed that DMF treatment protected against cell death induced by cisplatin (magnification 400×; scale bar: 20 μm; green: TUNEL; blue: DAPI); the number of TUNEL‐positive cells in five random fields in each kidney was calculated and is shown on the right. (E) The protein levels of Bax and cleaved caspase‐3 in the kidneys of cisplatin‐treated mice with or without DMF treatment were analyzed by immunoblotting; the results of densitometry analysis performed by ImageJ are shown on the right. (F) mRNA levels of renal MCP‐1, IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and COX‐2 analyzed by qRT‐PCR showed that DMF (10 mg/kg/day) treatment greatly inhibited the expression of inflammatory genes. (G and H) Levels of circulating TNF‐α (G) and IL‐6 (H) were analyzed by ELISA. The results are shown as the mean ± SD of eight mice in each group. ****p < .0001, ***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05 (analyzed by one‐way ANOVA)