TABLE 1.

Current Diagnostic Tools

Parameter	Normal Range	WD Diagnosis
Serum ceruloplasmin	20‐35 mg/dL	<20 mg/dL
24‐Hour urinary copper	20‐50 µg	>100 µg
Hepatic copper content	15‐55 µg/g	>250 µg/g
Liver histology*		Steatosis (microvesicular and macrovesicular); portal and/or lobular inflammation; fibrosis; ballooning; Mallory hyaline bodies; glycogenated nuclei; necrosis; positive orcein and rhodamine staining

^*All histology findings are nonspecific.