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. 2021 May 1;11(4):e397. doi: 10.1002/ctm2.397

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© 2021 The Authors. Clinical and Translational Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Role of electroceuticals in treating Alzheimer's disease. A, The Locus Coeruleus (LC) consistently exhibits the first pathology seen in AD and noradrenergic dysfunction exacerbates multiple aspects of disease progression. Chemogenetic manipulation has shown promising results. B, The entorhinal cortex is also significantly impacted in AD and likely contributes to early problems with declarative memory. Stimulation of the entorhinal cortex in animal models of AD have shown early promise in improving memory deficits. C, The Nucleus Basalis of Meynert (NBM) undergoes profound degeneration in late‐stage Alzheimer's disease (AD), leading to cholinergic dysfunction. Small clinical trials for NBM‐DBS have shown safety, tolerance, and modest levels of cognitive improvement or stabilization. D, Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) is minimally invasive and has been proven to elevate NE and ACh levels in cortical and subcortical structures. Additionally, VNS alters microglial phenotypes and activates neuronal plasticity.