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. 2021 May 1;12:257. doi: 10.1186/s13287-021-02287-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Isolation and characterization of hADSC and hADSC-Exo. a Spindle hADSC were observed through the microscope. Scale bar = 25 μm. b–d Adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation of hADSC. Cells differentiated into adipocyte, osteoblasts, and chondrogenic were detected using Oil Red O, Alizarin Red, and Alcian Blue, respectively. Scale bar = 25 μm. e Flow cytometry of hADSC surface markers CD29, CD73, CD105, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, and HLA-DR. f Nanoparticle analysis of ADSC-Exo. g TEM analysis of exosomes. Scale bars = 500 nm. h Immunoblotting for CD9 and CD63 in exosomes