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. 2021 May 1;156(9):428–436. doi: 10.1016/j.medcle.2020.12.015

Table 2.

Adverse events, causes of death and support treatment during hospitalization.

Total (n = 609) Alive (n = 481) Deceased (n = 128) p
In-hospital adverse events
 Pneumonia
  Bilateral 82.1% (499/608) 79.4% (382/481) 92.1% (117/127) 0.000
  Unilateral 10.4% (63/608) 12.3% (59/481) 3.1% (4/127) 0.002
 Acute Respiratory failure 79.1% (482/609) 74.4% (358/481) 96.9% (124/128) 0.000
 MAS 33.8% (206/609) 32.2% (155/481) 39.8% (51/128) 0.105
 ARDS 33.5% (107/609) 47.5% (97/481) 83.6% (107/128) 0.000
 Acute Kidney Injury 20.9% (127/609) 13.9% (67/481) 46.9% (60/128) 0.000
 Acute Heart failure 9.2% (56/609) 7.3% (35/481) 16.4% (21/128) 0.001
 Sepsis 6.9% (42/609) 1.7% (8/481) 26.6% (34/128) 0.000
 Bleeding events 4.1% (25/609) 4.0% (19/481) 4.7% (6/128) 0.709
 Embolic events 2.8% (17/609) 2.1% (10/481) 5.5% (7/128)



Cause of death
 ARDS 67.97% (87/128)
 Sepsis 23.44% (30/128)
 Suddden death 3.12% (4/128)
 Pulmonary embolism 1.65% (2/128)
 Other 3.82% (5/128)



Support treatment
 Oxygen therapy 85.2% (519/609) 81.3% (391/481) 100% (128/128) 0.000
 High-flow oxygen therapy 33.7% (205/609) 19.3% (93/481) 87.5% (112/128) 0.000
 HFNC 1.5% (9/609) 0.6% (3/481) 4.7% (6/128)
 NIV 2.1% (13/609) 0.8% (4/481) 7.0% (9/128)
 IMV 4.3% (26/609) 0.8% (4/481) 17.2% (22/128) 0.000
 Prone ventilation 15.6% (95/609) 11.9% (57/481) 9.4% (38/128) 0.000
 Hydroxychloroquine 90.8% (553/609) 93.8% (451/481) 79.7% (102/128) 0.000
 Azithromycin 83.3% (507/609) 86.7% (417/481) 70.3% (90/128) 0.000
 Other antibiotics 80.6% (491/609) 78.0% (375/481) 90.6% (116/128) 0.001
 Corticoids 43.2% (263/609) 38.9% (187/481) 59.4% (76/128) 0.000
 Lopinavir/ritonavir 22.2% (135/609) 19.5% (94/481) 32.0% (41/128) 0.003
 Tocilizumab 2.8% (17/609) 2.3% (11/481) 4.7% (6/128)
 ACEI/ARB 8.5% (52/609) 8.3% (40/481) 9.4% (12/128) 0.666



 Anticoagulation
  Prohylactic LMWH 70.3% (428/609) 74.2% (357/481) 55.5% (71/128) 0.000
  Intermediate LMWH 6.2% (38/609) 6.0% (29/481) 7.0% (9/128) 0.674
  Anticoagulant LMWH 14.0% (85/609) 10.6% (51/481) 26.6% (34/128) 0.000
  Vitamin K antagonists 1.5% (9/609) 0.6% (3/481) 4.7% (6/128)
  Direct oral anticoagulants 0.8% (5/609) 0.8% (4/481) 0.7% (1/128)

ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome. ACEI/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin-receptor blocker. HFNC: high flow nasal cannula. LMWH: low molecular weight heparin. MAS: macrophage activation syndrome. NIV: non invasive ventilation.