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. 2021 Apr 30;19:89. doi: 10.1186/s12915-021-01021-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Signature of trait exaggeration among sex-biased genes. a–c Comparison of gene expression (log2 TPM + 1) in male and female legs. Dots highlighted in purple and blue represent genes with significant difference in expression in females and males respectively. Insets indicate the number of female- and male-biased genes in each leg. d Differences in fold change (Wilcoxon tests) among the sex-biased genes identified in the three pairs of legs independently. e Venn diagrams of the male-biased genes identified in the three pairs of legs. Size of the diagrams is proportional to the total number of genes. f Hierarchical clustering (1000 bootstraps) and heatmap based on average leg expression in males and females for the genes with significant male-biased expression specifically in the third legs of males (n = 354)