Table 1.
Clinical characteristic of T2DM patients and controls
| Control | T2DM patients | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DN0 | DN1 | DN2 | p | ||
| N | 72 | 94 | 82 | 36 | |
| Age (years) | 58.42 ± 8.01 | 57.55 ± 11.57 | 58.39 ± 13.22 | 59.78 ± 11.32 | 0.791 |
| Gender (M/F) | 41/31 | 51/43 | 41/41 | 19/17 | 0.855 |
| Duration (years) | – | 8.53 ± 1.68 | 10.15 ± 2.43b | 12.06 ± 2.34bc | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.88 ± 2.85 | 26.25 ± 4.05 | 26.16 ± 3.5 | 26.32 ± 3.1 | 0.901 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 122.01 ± 11.48 | 135.8 ± 22.39a | 146.71 ± 30.57ab | 156.69 ± 22.51abc | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.96 ± 7.89 | 80.85 ± 14.75 | 87.56 ± 20.22ab | 85.69 ± 12.83ab | 0.002 |
| HbA1c (%) | 4.75 ± 0.31 | 7.82 ± 1.48a | 8.1 ± 1.21a | 7.76 ± 1.48a | < 0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 2.04 ± 1.59 | 1.88 ± 1.14 | 2.04 ± 1.65 | 2.13 ± 1.12 | 0.775 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.28 ± 0.91 | 5 ± 0.98 | 5.41 ± 1.2 | 5.42 ± 1.02b | 0.041 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.24 | 1.11 ± 0.23a | 1.13 ± 0.21a | 1.16 ± 0.33a | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.28 ± 0.54 | 3.33 ± 0.81 | 3.65 ± 0.99ab | 3.61 ± 0.8a | 0.008 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.42 ± 1.18 | 5.36 ± 1.64 | 5.9 ± 1.97 | 8.85 ± 4.1abc | < 0.001 |
| Cr (μmol/L) | 66.6 ± 10.65 | 66.32 ± 18.91 | 65.95 ± 21.12 | 120.75 ± 72.65abc | < 0.001 |
| UA (μmol/L) | 305.11 ± 70.95 | 301.42 ± 87.54 | 296.39 ± 76.9 | 356.22 ± 88.31abc | 0.002 |
| ACR (mg/g) | – | 16.14 ± 4.48 | 96.08 ± 83.67b | > 300bc | < 0.001 |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 101.66 ± 12.09 | 109.26 ± 41.65 | 109.14 ± 33.24 | 67.46 ± 35.53abc | < 0.001 |
| Asprosin (ng/mL) | 11.86 (9.17–14.56) | 15.43 (12.95–18.26)a | 17.38 (13.86–19.56)ab | 22.52 (20.25–24.58)abc | < 0.001 |
| Treatment | |||||
| Metformin (n, %) | – | 68 (72.3%) | 58 (70.7%) | 19 (52.8%) | 0.084 |
| Acarbose (n, %) | – | 46 (48.9%) | 44 (53.7%) | 13 (36.1%) | 0.213 |
| Sulfonylureas (n, %) | – | 60 (63.8%) | 52 (63.4%) | 21 (58.3%) | 0.834 |
| DPP-IV inhibitor (n, %) | 46 (48.9%) | 36 (43.9%) | 15 (41.7%) | 0.691 | |
| Insulin (n, %) | – | 37 (39.4%) | 26 (31.7%) | 17 (47.2%) | 0.252 |
| Statin (n, %) | – | 47 (50%) | 45 (54.9%) | 21 (58.3%) | 0.651 |
| CCB (n, %) | – | 51 (54.3%) | 59 (72%)b | 31 (86.1%)bc | 0.001 |
| ACEI/ARB (n, %) | – | 45 (47.9%) | 55 (67.1%)b | 32 (88.9%)bc | < 0.001 |
T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, TG triglycerides, TC total cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, BUN blood urea nitrogen, Cr creatinine, UA uric acid, ACR urine albumin to creatinine ratio, GFR glomerular filtration rate, DPP-IV inhibitor dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor, CCB calcium channel blockers, ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin II receptor blockers
aSignificant versus control subjects
bSignificant versus DN0 group
cSignificant versus DN1 group