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CA4-NPs arrest the tumor by disrupting the established central tumor vasculature, which can induce severe hypoxic conditions and high expression of HIF-1α in tumor tissues. The hypoxic condition can increase the expression of PD-L1 in tumor microenvironment, so the PD-L1 inhibitors can release the ‘immune brake’ to reactivate the T-cell immune response to the tumor effect in the peripheral area
