Panel: National programs National Health Mission: The National Health Mission (NHM), India’s flagship health program, was formed in 2013 by merging two other missions—the National Rural Health Mission (NHRM) established in 2005 and National Urban Health Mission (NUHM). The goal of NHM is to achieve universal access to equitable, affordable, and quality health care services accountable and responsive to the needs of all Indians. NHM has organized its efforts in several broad areas that include reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child and adolescent health; health systems; non-communicable diseases; communicable diseases; and infrastructure maintenance. Although led by the central government, NHM operates by providing financial and technical support to state governments, which are responsible for the delivery of health services. Approximately half of India’s health budget was allocated to NHM in 2019, with the remainder provided to other major government programs for health insurance and research. Universal Immunization Programme: Originally established by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in 1978 as the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), and renamed in 1985, the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) provides routine immunization services to infants, children, and pregnant women in India. The UIP currently includes the following vaccines in all states and UTs: Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), diphtheria- tetanus-pertussis (DTP) booster, fractional dose inactivated polio vaccine (fIPV), hepatitis B vaccine, measles-rubella (MR) vaccine, oral polio vaccine (OPV), pentavalent vaccine (DTP, hepatitis B, and Haemophilus influenzae type b [Hib]), rotavirus vaccine (RVV), and tetanus toxoid (TT). Additionally, the UIP includes two vaccines that are not presently used in all states/union territories: pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has been introduced in a subset of states and plans are in place to scale up nationally; and Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine is used in endemic districts. Mission Indradhanush: In 2014, Mission Indradhanush was launched by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW) to increase full immunization coverage for all children to 90% by 2020. During four phases, Mission Indradhanush targeted 528 districts with low coverage and underserved, hard-to-reach populations. The program employed multiple strategies, including strengthening microplanning, monitoring, social mobilization, and vaccine delivery systems. MOHFW credits the first phase of Mission Indradhanush—which operated from April 2015 to July 2017—with increasing full immunization by an absolute 7%. In 2017, India announced the Intensified Mission Indradhanush—an expanded effort to achieve 90% full immunization coverage by 2018. Intensified Mission Indradhanush retained the same strategies with the addition of increasing the focus on urban areas, involving non-health sectors in social mobilization activities, and providing financial support. In late 2019, this program was relaunched and continues as Intensified Mission Indradhanush 2.0.