Table 2.
Factors associated with infant mortality
| Characteristics | Unadjusted HR (95%CI) |
aHR (95%CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model1 | Model2 | Model3 | Model4 | ||
| High risk behaviour | |||||
| Non-risk | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Single | 1.23 (1.05,1.44)a | 1.16 (0.99,1.36) | 1.14 (0.96,1.34) | 1.18 (0.96,1.47) | 1.19 (0.96,1.48) |
| Multiple | 1.56 (1.32,1.83) a | 1.46 (1.23,1.72) a | 1.43 (1.20,1.71) a | 1.66 (1.33,2.06) a | 1.66 (1.33,2.08) a |
| Region | |||||
| Northcentral | 1 | 1 | |||
| Northeast | 1.19 (0.94,1.51) | 1.41 (1.03,1.92) c | |||
| Northwest | 1.22 (0.95,1.58) | 1.44 (1.03,2.01) c | |||
| Southeast | 0.89 (0.53,1.52) | 0.55 (0.24,1.26) | |||
| Southsouth | 0.86 (0.63,1.17) | 0.86 (0.54,1.37) | |||
| Southwest | 0.92 (0.62,1.36) | 0.69 (0.38,1.27) | |||
| Residence | |||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | |||
| Rural | 0.88 (0.74,1.04) | 0.79 (0.62,1.00) c | |||
| Religion | |||||
| Christianity | 1 | 1 | |||
| Islam | 0.98 (0.78,1.23) | 0.83 (0.60,1.15) | |||
| Others | 0.80 (0.33,1.95) | 0.58 (0.14,2.35) | |||
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Hausa/Fulani | 1 | 1 | |||
| Igbo | 0.94 (0.56,1.59) | 1.13 (0.51,2.51) | |||
| Yoruba | 0.79 (0.51,1.21) | 0.94 (0.49,1.78) | |||
| Other | 0.94 (0.75,1.19) | 0.91 (0.68,1.24) | |||
| Wealth status | |||||
| Poorest | 1 | 1 | |||
| Poorer | 1.17 (0.96,1.41) | 1.13 (0.90,1.42) | |||
| Middle | 0.98 (0.78,1.23) | 0.97 (0.73,1.28) | |||
| Richer | 0.84 (0.64,1.12) | 0.90 (0.63,1.29) | |||
| Richest | 0.77 (0.54,1.09) | 0.67 (0.42,1.08) | |||
| Drinking water source | |||||
| Improved | 1 | 1 | |||
| Not improved | 1.10 (0.96,1.27) | 1.13 (0.94,1.35) | |||
| Toilet facility | |||||
| Improved | 1 | ||||
| Not improved | 0.92 (0.78,1.09) | ||||
| Cooking fuel | |||||
| Improved | 1 | ||||
| Not improved | 0.79 (0.57,1.11) | ||||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 1.24 (1.08,1.42) b | 1.25 (1.05,1.49) c | 1.25 (1.05,1.49) c | ||
| Female | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Birth size | |||||
| Small | 1.55 (1.29,1.85) a | 1.41 (1.11,1.79) b | 1.39 (1.09,1.77) b | ||
| Average | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Large | 1.03 (0.89,1.20) | 1.06 (0.87,1.28) | 1.04 (0.86,1.26) | ||
| Highest education | |||||
| No education | 1 | 1 | |||
| Primary | 0.95 (0.78,1.14) | 1.07 (0.83,1.37) | 1.23 (0.95,1.60) | ||
| Secondary/tertiary | 0.67 (0.57,0.79) a | 0.63 (0.48,0.82)a | 0.83 (0.60,1.13) | ||
| Employment | |||||
| Not working | 1 | 1 | |||
| Working | 1.09 (0.94,1.26) | 1.09 (0.90,1.32) | |||
| Marital status | |||||
| Not married/ in-union | 1 | ||||
| Married or in-union | 0.67 (0.44,1.01) | ||||
| Desire for last child | |||||
| Then | 1 | 1 | |||
| Later | 0.85 (0.65,1.12) | 0.69 (0.44,1.07) | |||
| No more | 0.99 (0.69,1.41) | 1.20 (0.75,1.91) | |||
| Contraceptive use | |||||
| Using | 1 | 1 | |||
| Not using | 1.86 (1.33,2.60) a | 1.79 (1.28,2.51) a | |||
| Decision involvement | |||||
| Not | 1 | 1 | |||
| Low | 0.94 (0.78,1.14) | 1.99 (0.82,1.21) | |||
| High | 1.04 (0.74,1.46) | 1.15 (0.81,1.62) | |||
| ANC visit | |||||
| None | 0.96 (0.69,1.33) | 0.98 (0.70,1.37) | |||
| 1–3 | 1.14 (0.89,1.46) | 1.09 (0.85,1.39) | |||
| ≥ 4 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Tetanus injection | |||||
| Received | 1 | 1 | |||
| Not received | 1.44 (1.08,1.93) c | 1.40 (1.04,1.88) c | |||
| Breastfeeding initiation | |||||
| Not delayed | 1 | 1 | |||
| Delayed | 1.27 (1.02,1.59) c | 1.25 (0.99,1.56) | |||
| Type of delivery | |||||
| Normal | 1 | 1 | |||
| Caesarean | 0.99 (0.50,1.77) | 1.05 (0.53,2.09) | |||
| Delivery attendant | |||||
| None | 1 | 1 | |||
| Unskilled | 1.35 (1.02,1.77) c | 1.39 (1.05,1.83) c | |||
| Semi-skilled | 1.38 (0.89,2.15) | 1.54 (0.98,2.42) | |||
| Skilled | 1.20 (0.85,1.69) | 1.45 (1.02,2.06) c | |||
| -LL | 8785.9 | 8671.6 | 8422.9 | 4976.8 | 4958.6 |
| AIC | 17,575.9 | 17,383.2 | 16,867.8 | 9989.6 | 9991.2 |
| BIC | 17,591.8 | 17,542.3 | 16,955.3 | 10,130.7 | 10,281.3 |
| N | 21,350 | 21,052 | 21,025 | 18,753 | 18,753 |
c p < 0.05, b p < 0.01, a p < 0.001; place of delivery and pre-natal attendant removed due to collinearity