Table 1.
Demographic, clinical characteristics, demographic, and medications
| Variables | Total participants | Men | Women | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Type 2 diabetes | Control | Type 2 diabetes | Control | Type 2 diabetes | |
| Participants, n (%) | 173 (64) | 96 (36) | 71 (63) | 41 (37) | 102 (65) | 55 (35) |
| Age | 39 (13) | 55 (9) | 40 (13) | 56 (8) | 39 (13) | 55 (10) |
| Caucasians, n (%) | 114 (42) | 44 (16) | 44 (16) | 19 (7) | 70 (26) | 25 (9) |
| African American, n (%) | 59 (22) | 52 (20) | 27 (55) | 22 (45) | 32 (51) | 30 (49) |
| Clinical analysis | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28 (7.9) | 37.5 (7.4) | 28 (6.9) | 38 (7) | 28 (8.6) | 37 (7.8) |
| WHR | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.91 (0.08) | 1.0 (0.05) | 0.81 (0.07) | 0.89 (0.1) |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 118 (15) | 132 (22) | 121(14) | 133 (25) | 116 (15) | 131 (20) |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 74 (11) | 80 (12) | 74 (12) | 80 (14) | 73 (12) | 80 (12) |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 77 (19) | 134 (54) | 82 (18) | 150 (54) | 75 (19) | 122 (51) |
| HbA1C (%) | – | 7.6 (1.7) | – | 8.3 (2) | – | 7.2 (1) |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.85 (0.1) | 1.2 (1.9) | 0.98 (0.15) | 1.67 (2.9) | 0.75 (0.1) | 0.83 (0.2) |
| ACR (mg albumin/gCr) | 28 (26) | 76 (79) | 27 (29) | 78 (77) | 29 (23) | 74 (82) |
| uCreatinine (mg/L) | 0.7 (0.4) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.4) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.4) | 0.5 (0.2) |
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 95 (21) | 83 (26) | 94 (17) | 77 (28) | 95 (23) | 87 (24) |
| Medications | ||||||
| No meds, n (%) | 169 (63) | 25 (9) | 69 (62) | 10 (9) | 99 (63) | 15 (9) |
| ARB, n (%) | – | 13 (5) | – | 5 (5) | – | 8 (5) |
| ACEi, n (%) | 2 (1) | 30 (11) | 2 (2) | 12 (10) | 3 (2) | 18 (11) |
| ARB/ACEi, n (%) | – | 4 (1) | – | 3 (3) | – | 1 (1) |
| β-adrenergic blockers, n (%) | 2 (1) | 19 (7) | – | 11 (10) | – | 8 (5) |
| Calcium channel blockers, n (%) | – | 1 (1) | – | – | – | 1 (1) |
| Diuretics, n (%) | – | 4 (2) | – | – | – | 4 (3) |
| Diabetes medication, n (%) | 1 (0.4) | 80 (30) | 1 (1) | 35 (32) | – | 46 (29) |
Data are expressed as mean (SD). ARB angiotensin-II type 1 receptor blocker, ACEi angiotensin-converting I enzyme inhibitors. Anti-diabetic medications include insulin, metformin, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones