Table 2.
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for NAFLD based on tertiles of dietary spinach
| Tertiles of dietary spinach intake | P-trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | ||
| Total spinach | ||||
| Median intake (g/day), per 1000 Kcal | 0.35 | 1.09 | 3.67 | |
| NAFLD/control | 101/150 | 83/150 | 41/150 | |
| Crude model | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.80 (0.55–1.16) | 0.41 (0.26–0.62) | < 0.001 |
| Model 1† | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.91 (0.55–1.52) | 0.33 (0.18–0.59) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2‡ | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.13 (0.63–2.00) | 0.36 (0.19–0.71) | 0.001 |
| Raw spinach | ||||
| Median intake (g/day), per 1000 Kcal | 0.12 | 0.49 | 1.92 | |
| NAFLD/control | 97/149 | 83/151 | 45/150 | |
| Crude model | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.81(0.56–1.18) | 0.45 (0.29–0.68) | < 0.001 |
| Model 1† | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.90 (0.54–1.51) | 0.38 (0.22–0.68) | 0.001 |
| Model 2 ‡ | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.22 (0.68–2.19) | 0.47 (0.24–0.89) | 0.008 |
| Boiled spinach | ||||
| Median intake(g/day), per 1000 Kcal | 0.06 | 0.30 | 1.14 | |
| NAFLD/control | 107/148 | 51/152 | 67/150 | |
| Crude model | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.45 (0.30–0.68) | 0.62 (0.42–0.91) | 0.100 |
| Model 1† | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.62 (0.36–1.07) | 0.67 (0.40–1.13) | 0.242 |
| Model 2‡ | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.72 (0.39–1.31) | 0.76 (0.42–1.38) | 0.508 |
†Model 1: adjusted for BMI, physical activity, smoking, SES, and energy intake
‡Model 2: Additionally adjusted for dietary intake of high fat dairy and other vegetables except of spinach