Table 3.
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for NAFLD according to yearly intake of raw and boiled spinach
| Categories of spinach intake | P trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | ||
| Raw spinach | |||||
| Median intake (serving/year) | 0 | 6.0 | 13.5 | 39.1 | |
| NAFLD/control | 34/57 | 55/104 | 84/139 | 52/150 | |
| Crude model | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.89(0.52–1.53) | 1.00 (0.60–1.65) | 0.56 (0.33–0.95) | 0.008 |
| Model 1† | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.66 (0.32–1.38) | 0.96 (0.48–1.92) | 0.35 (0.17–0.73) | 0.002 |
| Model 2‡ | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.76 (0.34–1.72) | 1.12 (0.51–2.44) | 0.41 (0.18–0.96) | 0.013 |
| Boiled spinach | |||||
| Median intake (serving/year) | 0 | 1.3 | 3.2 | 12.0 | |
| NAFLD/control | 47/67 | 62/113 | 61/135 | 55/135 | |
| Crude model | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.83 (0.51–1.35) | 0.66 (0.40–1.07) | 0.60 (0.37–0.99) | 0.072 |
| Model 1† | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.87 (0.44–1.72) | 0.88 (0.45–1.71) | 0.66 (0.34–1.30) | 0.211 |
| Model 2‡ | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.72 (0.33–1.57) | 0.83 (0.39–1.76) | 0.69 (0.32–1.47) | 0.479 |
†Model 1: adjusted for BMI, physical activity, smoking, SES, and energy intake
‡Model 2: Additionally adjusted for dietary intake of high fat dairy and other vegetables except of spinach