Table 2. Non-pharmacological treatment for chronic low back pain[7].

	Grade of recommendation
Back school: Provides better improvement in pain and function when compared with general medical care or a simple handout at 6-12 months follow-up for CLBP	A
McKenzie method: A valid option for the treatment of chronic low back pain.	C
Yoga: May offer medium term improvements in pain and function compared to usual care	B
Acupuncture: Addition of it to usual care is recommended for short-term improvement of pain and function compared to usual care alone	A
Home-based exercise program: Insufficient evidence to compare with no treatment	I
Lumbar stabilization exercises: Insufficient evidence to make a recommendation for or against	I
Dry needling: Insufficient evidence to make a recommendation for or against	I
Ultrasound: Insufficient evidence to prove it provides immediate pain relief in patients with chronic low back pain	I
Spinal manipulative therapy: Conflicting evidence on outcomes for CLBP compared to no treatment, medication or other physical therapy modalities	I
McKenzie method: Insufficient evidence to state it has better results when compared to a dynamic strengthening program or a back school	I
Laser acupuncture: Provides no short-term or medium-term benefit over sham treatment for patients with CLBP	A
Traction: Not recommended, not expected to provide clinically significant improvements in pain or function	A
Ultrasound: Not recommended, not expected to improve functional outcomes	A
CLBP: Chronic low back pain.