Table 1.
Glucose effectiveness in various clinical studies
| Studies | Comparisons | SG (No. participants) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Obesity |
Lean Obese |
0.030 ± 0.003 (18) 0.016 ± 0.002 (18)* |
24 |
| Type 2 diabetes |
Type 2 diabetes Controls |
0.014 ± 0.002 0.024 ± 0.003* |
25 |
| Type 2 diabetes |
Type 2 diabetes Controls |
0.016 ± 0.009 (25) 0.023 ± 0.012 (130)* |
26 |
| Gestational diabetes |
GDM NGT |
0.022 ± 0.002 (10) 0.021 ± 0.003 (9) |
27 |
| Cirrhosis |
Cirrhosis Controls |
0.015 ± 0.002 (9) 0.024 ± 0.003 (6) |
28 |
| Aging |
Mean 65 years Mean 20 years |
0.017 ± 0.002 (20) 0.025 ± 0.002 (20) |
29 |
| Aging |
Young men (aged 18–36 years) Elderly men (65–82 years) |
0.029 ± 0.005 (8) 0.031 ± 0.004 (10) |
30 |
| GH administration in GH deficiency |
Controls GH deficiency GH administration in GH deficiency |
0.020 ± 0.003 (8) 0.010 ± 0.001 (8) * 0.015 ± 0.001 (8) * |
31 |
| GLP‐1 administration in healthy individuals |
Controls GLP‐1 |
0.018 ± 0.001 (6) 0.026 ± 0.003 (6) |
32 |
| GLP‐1 administration in healthy individuals |
Controls GLP‐1 |
0.018 ± 0.002 (17) 0.025 ± 0.002 (17) |
33 |
| GLP‐1 administration in healthy individuals |
Controls GLP‐17–36NH2 GLP‐17.37 GLP‐19–36NH2 |
0.018 ± 0.002 (10) 0.025 ± 0.003 (10) * 0.024 ± 0.002 (10) * 0.018 ± 0.002 (10) |
34 |
| Women with IGT |
IGT NGT |
0.019 ± 0.003 (10) 0.020 ± 0.003 (10) |
20 |
| Treatment with TZD of women at high risk for type 2 diabetes |
Women with recent GDM and IGT After 12 weeks TZD treatment |
0.014 ± 0.003 (14) 0.015 ± 0.004 (14) |
35 |
| Treatment with liraglutide in type 2 diabetes |
Placebo Liraglutide |
Change 0.0008 (–0.003, 0.006) Change 0.0016 (–0.0005, 0.006) |
36 |
| Treatment with vildagliptin in type 2 diabetes |
Placebo Vildagliptin |
0.018 ± 0.002 (14) 0.019 ± 0.002 (14) |
37 |
| Carbohydrate diet |
Young men (18–36 years) Elderly men (65–82 years) |
0.029 ± 0.005 (8) 0.027 ± 0.004 (10) |
11 |
| Type 2 diabetes in Malaysians |
Type 2 diabetes Controls |
0.012 ± 0.005 0.025 ± 0.001* |
38 |
| Type 2 diabetes in Japanese people |
Type 2 diabetes Controls (offspring) |
0.011 ± 0.003 (9) 0.024 ± 0.003 (11)* |
39 |
| Type 2 diabetes in Chinese people |
Insulin sensitive type 2 diabetes Insulin resistant type 2 diabetes |
0.013 ± 0.008 (71) 0.016 ± 0.009 (51)* |
40 |
| Type 2 diabetes and IGT in African Americans |
NGT IGT Type 2 diabetes |
0.029 ± 0.002 (101) 0.025 ± 0.002 (36) 0.024 ± 0.002 (17) |
41 |
| Type 2 diabetes in Ghanaians |
Type 2 diabetes Controls |
0.023 ± 0.005 (10) 0.027 ± 0.004 (15) |
42 |
| IGT in Japanese people |
NGT Insulin‐resistant IGT Insulin sensitive IGT |
0.023 ± 0.002 (15) 0.016 ± 0.002 (6)* 0.013 ± 0.002 (9)* |
43 |
| Offspring to Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes |
Offspring Controls |
0.016 ± 0.003 (10) 0.023±0.002 (10)* |
45 |
| Ethnic groups |
Mexican Americans Non‐Hispanic whites |
0.022 ± 0.002 (10) 0.026 ± 0.008 (11) |
46 |
Values are the mean ± standard error or median (95% confidence intervals). *Significant differences between the groups (P < 0.05). GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GH, growth hormone; GLP‐1, glucagon‐like peptide‐1; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; TZD, thiazolidinedione.