Table 1.
Characteristics of the overall cohort and according to the presence and severity of painful diabetic neuropathy
| Characteristics | All participants (n = 364) | Pain‐free (n = 175) | Mild pain (n = 125) | Moderate/severe pain (n = 64) | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53 (46–60) | 51 (45–57) | 54 (48–61) | 58 (47–61) | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 119 (32.7) | 46 (26.4) | 47 (37.3) | 26 (40.6) | 0.040 |
| DM duration (years) | 8 (3–14) | 6 (2–10) | 10 (4–15) | 10 (2–18) | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 (23.1–26.9) | 24.5 (22.3–26.4) | 25.3 (23.2–27.1) | 25.0 (23.6–27.6) | 0.091 |
| Type 2 diabetes, n (%) | 341 (93.7) | 168 (96.0) | 116 (92.8) | 57 (89.1) | 0.131 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 165 (45.3) | 72 (41.1) | 58 (46.4) | 35 (54.7) | 0.169 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 130 (120–141) | 130 (120–140) | 132 (121–141) | 130 (120–143) | 0.592 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 80 (76–89) | 81 (76–90) | 80 (76–87) | 80 (75–88) | 0.458 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 7.54 (6.54–8.59) | 7.21 (6.07–8.15) | 7.85 (6.84–9.06) | 8.88 (7.40–9.60) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.35 (6.73–8.02) | 7.12 (6.54–7.59) | 7.55 (6.91–8.30) | 8.16 (7.27–8.65) | <0.001 |
| Fasting C‐peptide (ng/mL) | 1.62 ± 0.78 | 1.72 ± 1.05 | 1.67 ± 0.92 | 1.41 ± 0.71 | 0.057 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 146 (40.1) | 70 (40.0) | 46 (36.8) | 30 (46.9) | 0.409 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.36 (3.61–5.15) | 4.20(3.41–5.10) | 4.65 (3.76–5.38) | 4.39 (3.71–5.22) | 0.009 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.69 (1.16–2.63) | 1.58 (1.16–2.52) | 1.86 (1.23–2.87) | 1.71 (1.12–2.68) | 0.193 |
| HDL‐C (mmol/L) | 1.03 (0.88–1.20) | 1.01 (0.87–1.19) | 1.04 (0.89–1.18) | 1.12 (0.88–1.31) | 0.238 |
| LDL‐C (mmol/L) | 2.36 ± 0.41 | 2.30 ± 0.79 | 2.46 ± 0.07 | 2.35 ± 0.96 | 0.138 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 86.04 ± 18.78 | 90.45 ± 22.76 | 87.66 ± 21.64 | 84.89 ± 23.43 | 0.034 |
| TIR (%) | 78 (65–85) | 80 (74–87) | 76 (60–85) | 65 (49–73) | <0.001 |
| SD (mmol/L) | 2.21 (1.81–2.75) | 2.12 (1.78–2.61) | 2.30 (1.81–2.76) | 2.79 (2.08–3.21) | 0.001 |
| CV (%) | 0.30 (0.26–0.34) | 0.30 (0.26–0.34) | 0.29 (0.25–0.34) | 0.32 (0.27–0.37) | 0.066 |
| MAGE (mmol/L) | 5.13 (4.29–6.14) | 4.86 (4.03–5.82) | 5.14 (4.28–6.14) | 5.73 (4.91–6.95) | 0.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 158 (43.4) | 76 (43.4) | 49 (39.2) | 33 (51.6) | 0.268 |
| Drinking, n (%) | 182 (50.0) | 86 (49.1) | 60 (48.0) | 36 (56.3) | 0.535 |
| Use of antidiabetic agents, n (%) | 362 (99.5) | 174 (99.4) | 124 (99.2) | 64 (100) | 0.779 |
| OHA | 171 (47.3) | 94 (54.0) | 53 (42.8) | 24 (37.5) | 0.036 |
| Insulin | 53 (14.6) | 24 (13.8) | 17 (13.7) | 12 (18.7) | 0.591 |
| Both | 138 (38.1) | 56 (32.2) | 54 (43.5) | 28 (43.8) | 0.082 |
| TCSS score | 8 (7–10) | 7 (6–9) | 8 (7–10) | 9 (7–11) | <0.001 |
| Abnormal NCT, n (%) | 322 (88.5) | 145 (82.9) | 117 (93.6) | 60 (93.8) | <0.001 |
| Abnormal amplitude | 65 (20.2) | 38 (26.2) | 17 (14.6) | 10 (16.7) | 0.049 |
| Abnormal NCV | 78 (24.2) | 43 (29.7) | 29 (24.7) | 6 (10.0) | 0.011 |
| Both | 179 (55.6) | 64 (44.1) | 71 (60.7) | 44 (73.3) | <0.001 |
Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation, median with interquartile range or frequency and proportion. One‐way anova was used to evaluate the samples with a normal distribution between groups. The Kruskal–Wallis H‐test was used to compare the variables with non‐normal distributions. The χ2‐test was used to examine the rates among the groups. BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CV, coefficient of variation; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; MAGE, mean amplitude of glucose excursions; NCT, nerve conduction test; NCV, nerve conduction velocities; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agents; SD, standard deviation; TC, total cholesterol; TCSS, Toronto Clinical Scoring System; TG, triglyceride; TIR, time in range.