Table 5.
Associations between quartiles of time in range and various stages of painful diabetic neuropathy after controlling for confounding factors
| Models | Independent variable | Mild pain | Moderate/severe pain | Any pain | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | P‐value | OR | P‐value | OR | P‐value | ||
| Model 1 | TIR (%) | ||||||
| Q1 (≤65) | 2.11 (0.86–5.19) | 0.103 | 5.80 (1.82–18.53) | 0.003 | 2.66 (1.16–6.10) | 0.021 | |
| Q2 (65–78) | 0.62 (0.30–1.31) | 0.212 | 1.60 (0.57–4.48) | 0.369 | 0.82 (0.42–1.61) | 0.566 | |
| Q3 (78–85) | 0.77 (0.37–1.60) | 0.482 | 0.60 (0.18–1.97) | 0.402 | 0.65 (0.33–1.29) | 0.219 | |
| Q4 (>85) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||||
| Model 2 | TIR (%) | ||||||
| Q1 (≤65) | 2.47 (0.83–7.37) | 0.104 | 5.04 (1.30–19.51) | 0.019 | 2.76 (1.00–7.60) | 0.049 | |
| Q2 (65–78) | 0.68 (0.30–1.51) | 0.341 | 1.49 (0.50–4.41) | 0.473 | 0.84 (0.40–1.74) | 0.634 | |
| Q3 (78–85) | 0.81 (0.38–1.73) | 0.581 | 0.59 (0.17–1.93) | 0.373 | 0.66 (0.32–1.34) | 0.246 | |
| Q4 (>85) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||||
| SD | 0.88 (0.52–1.46) | 0.2609 | 1.14 (0.62–2.09) | 0.672 | 0.97 (0.60–1.57) | 0.903 | |
| Model 3 | TIR (%) | ||||||
| Q1 (≤65) | 2.98 (1.02–8.69) | 0.045 | 6.09 (1.57–23.72) | 0.009 | 3.51 (1.29–9.52) | 0.014 | |
| Q2 (65–78) | 0.80 (0.34–1.85) | 0.083 | 1.65 (0.52–5.17) | 0.394 | 1.00 (0.46–2.15) | 0.990 | |
| Q3 (78–85) | 0.91 (0.42–2.00) | 0.400 | 0.62 (0.18–2.11) | 0.441 | 0.74 (1.18–4.08) | 0.420 | |
| Q4 (>85) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||||
| CV | 0.04 (0.00–6.74) | 0.233 | 0.66 (0.02–26.17) | 0.891 | 0.094 (0.01–9.66) | 0.317 | |
| Model 4 | TIR (%) | ||||||
| Q1 (≤65) | 2.72 (0.89–8.30) | 0.079 | 5.19 (1.32–20.49) | 0.019 | 2.88 (1.02–8.15) | 0.046 | |
| Q2 (65–78) | 0.73 (0.32–1.67) | 0.454 | 1.48 (0.48–4.51) | 0.494 | 0.86 (0.40–1.83) | 0.020 | |
| Q3 (78–85) | 0.85 (0.39–1.86) | 0.685 | 0.57 (0.17–1.94) | 0.368 | 0.67 (0.32–1.38) | 0.019 | |
| Q4 (>85) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | ||||
| MAGE | 0.91 (0.72–1.51) | 0.431 | 1.05 (0.81–1.37) | 0.713 | 0.97 (0.78–1.21) | 0.804 | |
Model 1 was adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, diabetes mellitus duration, fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, fasting C‐peptide, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, estimated glomerular filtration rate, smoking, drinking, Toronto Clinical Scoring System score, nerve conduction test and antidiabetic agents. Model 2 was adjusted for the variables adjusted for in model1 + standard deviation. Model 3 was adjusted for the variables adjusted for in model 1 + coefficient of variation. Model 4 was adjusted for the variables adjusted for in model 1 + mean amplitude of glucose excursions. OR, odds ratio; TIR, time in range.