Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the BG and TG cohorts stratified by quintiles of 2‐h post‐breakfast blood glucose and postprandial serum triglyceride levels
| BG cohort | Quintiles of 2h‐BG levels (mmol/L) | TG cohort total | Quintiles of ppTG † levels (mmol/L) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Q 1 < 7.0 | Q 2 7.0–8.7 | Q 3 8.7–10.7 | Q 4 10.7–13.8 | Q 5 ≥ 13.8 | P‐value | Q 1 < 0.91 | Q 2 0.91–1.22 | Q 3 1.22–1.61 | Q 4 1.61–2.30 | Q 5 ≥ 2.30 | P‐value | ||
| n | 1,122 | 220 (19.6) | 224 (20.0) | 226 (20.1) | 226 (20.1) | 226 (20.1) | 1,826 | 360 (19.7) | 369 (20.2) | 361 (19.8) | 364 (19.9) | 372 (20.4) | ||
| Men (%) | 892 (79.5) | 162 (73.6) | 175 (78.1) | 179 (79.2) | 188 (83.2) | 188 (83.2) | 0.005 | 1,464 (80.2) | 272 (75.6) | 287 (77.8) | 307 (85.0) | 289 (79.4) | 309 (83.1) | 0.012 |
| Age (years) | 55.9 ± 10.1 | 55.5 ± 11.0 | 57.6 ± 9.6 | 55.3 ± 9.4 | 56.2 ± 10.0 | 54.7 ± 10.5 | 0.034 | 55.6 ± 10.0 | 55.2 ± 9.6 | 57.0 ± 9.5 | 55.3 ± 9.9 | 55.2 ± 10.4 | 55.1 ± 10.3 | 0.058 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 6.1 ± 7.0 | 3.9 ± 6.0 | 5.0 ± 7.0 | 6.0 ± 6.6 | 7.5 ± 7.1 | 7.7 ± 7.7 | <0.0001 | 6.1 ± 7.0 | 6.2 ± 7.1 | 6.3 ± 7.4 | 6.0 ± 7.2 | 5.9 ± 6.6 | 6.1 ± 6.9 | 0.98 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.1 ± 3.3 | 22.6 ± 3.5 | 22.9 ± 3.0 | 23.3 ± 3.3 | 23.2 ± 3.3 | 23.4 ± 3.4 | 0.066 | 23.2 ± 3.4 | 21.9 ± 3.2 | 22.8 ± 3.1 | 23.5 ± 3.6 | 23.8 ± 3.3 | 24.3 ± 3.2 | <0.0001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 127.6 ± 19.3 | 122.2 ± 18.1 | 127.4 ± 18.6 | 129.0 ± 18.2 | 128.4 ± 20.4 | 130.9 ± 19.9 | <0.0001 | 130.1 ± 20.2 | 125.8 ± 19.2 | 129.2 ± 21.2 | 129.7 ± 20.5 | 131.3 ± 20.3 | 134.2 ± 19.0 | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.1 ± 11.3 | 70.4 ± 10.7 | 72.8 ± 10.9 | 73.9 ± 10.6 | 73.5 ± 12.4 | 75.1 ± 11.4 | 0.0003 | 75.0 ± 11.6 | 72.2 ± 10.8 | 74.3 ± 11.8 | 75.3 ± 12.1 | 75.3 ± 12.0 | 77.6 ± 10.7 | <0.0001 |
| 2h‐BG (mmol/L) | 10.6 ± 4.4 | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 7.8 ± 0.5 | 9.6 ± 0.6 | 12.1 ± 0.9 | 17.6 ± 3.6 | <0.0001 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| ppTG † (mmol/L) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.48 ± 1.76 | 0.72 ± 1.21 | 1.06 ± 1.09 | 1.39 ± 1.08 | 1.91 ± 1.10 | 3.38 ± 1.43 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%; mmol/mol) | 7.3 ± 1.4 (57 ± 16) | 6.4 ± 0.8 (47 ± 9) | 6.7 ± 0.8 (50 ± 9) | 7.1 ± 1.0 (54 ± 11) | 7.5 ± 1.0 (58 ± 11) | 9.0 ± 1.6 (75 ± 17) |
<0.0001 |
7.9 ± 1.6 (63 ± 18) | 7.8 ± 1.6 (61 ± 17) | 7.7 ± 1.6 (61 ± 18) | 8.0 ± 1.7 (64 ± 19) | 7.8 ± 1.6 (62 ± 18) | 8.1 ± 1.7 (65 ± 18) | 0.007 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.42 ± 0.96 | 5.33 ± 0.91 | 5.47 ± 0.93 | 5.46 ± 1.03 | 5.30 ± 0.93 | 5.53 ± 0.99 | 0.0496 | 5.52 ± 1.01 | 5.07 ± 0.90 | 5.32 ± 0.84 | 5.49 ± 0.99 | 5.73 ± 0.95 | 5.99 ± 1.10 | <0.0001 |
| HDL‐C (mmol/L) | 1.35 ± 0.37 | 1.42 ± 0.38 | 1.40 ± 0.39 | 1.38 ± 0.39 | 1.24 ± 0.31 | 1.29 ± 0.33 | <0.0001 | 1.33 ± 0.36 | 1.54 ± 0.39 | 1.41 ± 0.36 | 1.30 ± 0.32 | 1.24 ± 0.30 | 1.15 ± 0.25 | <0.0001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 78.8 ± 17.9 | 77.1 ± 17.8 | 75.0 ± 17.7 | 79.0 ± 17.9 | 80.2 ± 15.6 | 82.6 ± 19.7 | <0.0001 | 79.1 ± 18.1 | 80.9 ± 17.7 | 78.5 ± 17.4 | 79.1 ± 17.0 | 78.7 ± 18.3 | 78.4 ± 19.8 | 0.35 |
| Current smoker | 469 (41.8) | 84 (38.2) | 84 (37.5) | 79 (35.0) | 108 (47.8) | 114 (50.4) | 0.0008 | 752 (41.2) | 121 (33.6) | 146 (39.6) | 152 (42.1) | 152 (41.8) | 181 (48.7) | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol intake | 643 (57.3) | 112 (50.9) | 133 (59.4) | 131 (58.0) | 138 (61.1) | 129 (57.1) | 0.19 | 1080 (59.2) | 203 (56.4) | 214 (58.0) | 214 (59.3) | 220 (60.4) | 229 (61.6) | 0.12 |
| History of CVD | 7 (0.6) | 1 (0.5) | 3 (1.4) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 0.57 | 11 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | 3 (0.8) | 2 (0.6) | 5 (1.3) | 0.020 |
| History of cancer | 13 (1.2) | 4 (1.8) | 5 (2.2) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.9) | 0.11 | 23 (1.3) | 6 (1.7) | 8 (2.2) | 3 (0.8) | 3 (0.8) | 3 (0.8) | 0.096 |
| Initial therapies | ||||||||||||||
| Oral antidiabetic drugs alone | 456 (40.6) | 67 (30.5) | 75 (33.5) | 85 (37.6) | 108 (47.8) | 121 (53.5) | <0.0001 | 762 (41.7) | 139 (38.6) | 147 (39.8) | 149 (41.3) | 150 (41.2) | 177 (47.6) | 0.017 |
| Insulin | 180 (16.0) | 34 (15.5) | 16 (7.1) | 29 (12.8) | 35 (15.5) | 66 (29.2) | <0.0001 | 256 (14.0) | 51 (14.2) | 51 (13.8) | 47 (13.0) | 46 (12.6) | 61 (16.4) | 0.56 |
| Antihypertensive agents | 237 (21.1) | 33 (15.0) | 55 (24.6) | 50 (22.1) | 43 (19.0) | 56 (24.8) | 0.11 | 378 (20.7) | 50 (13.9) | 67 (18.2) | 72 (19.9) | 86 (23.6) | 103 (27.8) | <0.0001 |
| Lipid‐lowering agents | 138 (12.3) | 29 (13.2) | 33 (14.7) | 27 (12.0) | 19 (8.4) | 30 (13.3) | 0.38 | 224 (12.3) | 19 (5.3) | 40 (10.8) | 36 (10.0) | 58 (15.9) | 71 (19.1) | <0.0001 |
The 2‐h post‐breakfast blood glucose (2h‐BG) and postprandial serum triglyceride (ppTG) levels initially measured during the 1‐year period starting at the first visit were used as the baseline.
Clinical data measured at the same time or most immediately measured as the first measurements of 2h‐BG or ppTG were used as the baseline.
BG, blood glucose; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.
Values represent n (%) or means ± standard deviations.
†
Ln‐transformed.