Table 4.

The impact of liver cancer treatments on Treg cells.

Cancer Therapies	Clinical/preclinical model	Outcomes
Multi-kinase Inhibitor (Sorafenib)	Sorafenib reduces Treg numbers in HCC (144)	Teff/Treg frequencies correlated with anti-tumor effects (144)
Immune checkpoint blockade	Immune checkpoint blockade therapy using anti-CTLA-4 reduced intratumoural Tregs in vivo (140) Tregs treated with anti-PD1 and anti-PD-L1 restored IFN-γ secretion in B16 melanoma (141)	Effective in B16 melanoma tumors (140). Nivolumab an anti-PD-1 antibody was no more efficacious than sorafenib treatment in improving overall survival outcome in patients with HCC (143) Treg cells may contribute to resistance to checkpoint inhibitors (145)
CAR-T cells	Tumor-targeting CAR-T cells have curative potential (146)	It is anticipated that eliminating Treg cells would be important to boost CAR-T cell therapies, particularly for solid tumors (146).
Enclysis enhancers	Enclysis enhancers could be used in combination with current immunotherapies for liver cancer.	Enclysis enhancement could potentiate antitumor immunity specifically for liver cancer (19)

HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma; CAR, Chimeric Antigen Receptor.