Table 1.
Characteristics of the patients at the time of AKI diagnosis and disease outcomes
| CA-AKI (n = 224) | HA-AKI (n = 125) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, years | 61 (49–71) | 50 (43–61) | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 158 (71) | 84 (67) | 0.546 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, points | 2 (1–4) | 1 (0–2) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 90 (40) | 39 (31) | 0.106 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 100 (45) | 31 (25) | <0.001 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 93 (42) | 70 (56) | 0.010 |
| CKD, n (%) | 22 (10) | 3 (2) | 0.015 |
| Emergency room evaluation | |||
| Days from the start of symptoms | 7 (5–11) | 7 (6–9) | 0.180 |
| Mean arterial pressure, mm Hg | 86 (76–97) | 90 (81–97) | 0.011 |
| Oxygen saturation, n (%) | 78 (59–85) | 80 (64–86) | 0.124 |
| Laboratory at AKI detection | |||
| Total leukocytes, ×103/mm3 | 10.4 (7.6–15.0) | 10.1 (8.00–13.0) | 0.558 |
| Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio | 15.3 (8.43–24.4) | 8.42 (5.18–12.7) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 15.0 (13.6–16.3) | 13.1 (11.7–14.8) | <0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 160 (116–235) | 132 (101–176) | <0.001 |
| Creatine kinase, U/L | 118 (63–276) | 250 (76–802) | <0.001 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 467 (337–629) | 428 (318–548) | 0.116 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 20.2 (13.8–29.5) | 19.5 (7.8–30.1) | 0.141 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 766 (406–1,326) | 890 (508–1,387) | 0.220 |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 1,120 (718–2,502) | 2,398 (1,087–5,451) | <0.001 |
| Troponin I >ULN, n (%) | 82 (37) | na | |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio | 159 (100–236) | 131 (91–166) | <0.001 |
| SOFA score, points | 4 (3–5) | 7 (6–9) | <0.001 |
| Kidney function and critical support | |||
| Admission sCr, mg/dL | 1.5 (1.3–2.0) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | <0.001 |
| sCr at AKI diagnosis, mg/dL | 1.5 (1.3–2.0) | 1.4 (1.1–2.1) | 0.297 |
| Peak sCr, mg/dL | 1.6 (1.3–2.5) | 1.8 (1.3–4.1) | 0.051 |
| Discharge sCr, mg/dL | 1.0 (0.8–1.6) | 1.1 (0.7–2.3) | 0.207 |
| AKI | |||
| Stage 1, n (%) | 134 (60) | 47 (38) | <0.001 |
| Stage 2, n (%) | 50 (22) | 30 (24) | <0.001 |
| Stage 3, n (%) | 40 (18) | 48 (38) | <0.001 |
| Days from admission to diagnosis | 0 (0–0) | 4 (2–8) | <0.001 |
| Days from the start of symptoms | 7 (5–11) | 13 (9–19) | <0.001 |
| RRT, n (%) | 16 (7) | 34 (27) | <0.001 |
| Intubated before AKI, n (%) | 109 (87) | ||
| Intubated at any time, n (%) | 66 (30) | 110 (88) | <0.001 |
| Vasopressor before AKI, n (%) | 110 (88) | ||
| AKI resolved, n (%) | 167 (75) | 74 (59) | <0.001 |
| Patient disposition | |||
| General ward, n (%) | 82 (37) | 8 (6) | <0.001 |
| CCU, n (%) | 142 (63) | 117 (94) | <0.001 |
| Outcomes | |||
| Discharged, n (%) | 105 (47) | 62 (50) | 0.343 |
| Length of hospitalization until discharge, days | 10 (7–19) | 26 (19–33) | <0.001 |
| Death, n (%) | 119 (53) | 63 (50) | 0.656 |
| Length of hospitalization until death, days | 4 (2–8) | 9 (5–17) | <0.001 |
CA-AKI, community-acquired acute kidney injury; HA-AKI, hospital-acquired acute kidney injury; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; RRT, renal replacement therapy; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; ULN, upper limit of normal; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment score; CCU, critical care unit; na, not available; sCr, serum creatinine.