Table 2.
Bivariate analysis of the variables of severe disease and mortality
| Variable | Severe disease |
Mortality |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI)a | p value | Padj | OR (95% CI)a | p value | Padj | |
| Block 1: personal background | ||||||
| Sociodemographic | ||||||
| Sex, woman/man | 0.32 (0.13–0.73) | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.49 (0.21–1.10) | 0.10 | 0.64 |
| Age, yearsb | −0.79 (−1.04 to 2.64) | 0.39 | 0.96 | 0.43 (−2.28 to 1.41) | 0.64 | 1.00 |
| Autoimmune | ||||||
| Other autoimmune disease | 0.98 (0.20–5.59) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.55 (0.10–2.74) | 0.46 | 1.00 |
| Renal | ||||||
| Chronic kidney failure | 1.10 (0.48–2.57) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.31 (0.57–3.11) | 0.53 | 1.00 |
| Cardiovascular | ||||||
| High blood pressure | 0.97 (0.34–2.69) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.62 (0.59–4.56) | 0.44 | 1.00 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2.03 (0.87–4.97) | 0.14 | 0.70 | 1.41 (0.61–3.33) | 0.53 | 1.00 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 2.28 (1.01–5.35) | 0.07 | 0.47 | 1.16 (0.52–2.62) | 0.84 | 1.00 |
| Obesity | 1.21 (0.37–4.39) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.76 (0.52–7.13) | 0.39 | 1.00 |
| Smoking | 2.82 (0.37–79.06) | 0.39 | 0.96 | 0.49 (0.06–3.38) | 0.65 | 1.00 |
| Alcoholism | 0.75 (0.09–57.36) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.09–57.36) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Heart failure | 0.81 (0.28–2.39) | 0.79 | 1.00 | 1.95 (0.65–6.73) | 0.29 | 0.97 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 0.53 (0.17–1.57) | 0.28 | 0.89 | 0.53 (0.17–1.57) | 0.28 | 0.97 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 1.52 (0.18–82.65) | 0.51 | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.02–29.56) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Aortic valve disease | 1.24 (0.28–6.74) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 5.12 (0.84–134.25) | 0.13 | 0.72 |
| Mitral valve disease | 0.98 (0.20–5.59) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.20–5.59) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Pacemaker | 2.11 (0.24–61.97) | 0.63 | 1.00 | 3.14 (0.38–137.63) | 0.13 | 0.72 |
| Other heart disease | 1.47 (0.26–12.36) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 4.89 (0.59–197.27) | 0.04 | 0.36 |
| Stroke | 4.49 (1.10–33.13) | 0.04 | 0.35 | 0.85 (0.26–2.91) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.32 (0.52–3.51) | 0.64 | 1.00 | 1.65 (0.64–4.55) | 0.35 | 0.97 |
| Psychiatric | ||||||
| Depression | 0.93 (0.37–2.37) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.30–1.90) | 0.64 | 1.00 |
| Schizophrenia | 0.00 (0.00–6.13) | 0.43 | 0.96 | 0.00 (0.01–6.13) | 0.43 | 1.00 |
| Other psychiatric diseases | 0.17 (0.02–0.74) | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.29 (0.06–1.16) | 0.09 | 0.62 |
| Neurodegenerative diseases | ||||||
| Dementia | 0.76 (0.33–1.73) | 0.54 | 1.00 | 1.81 (0.78–4.34) | 0.21 | 0.97 |
| Parkinson's disease | 0.74 (0.02–29.56) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.02–29.56) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Other neurodegenerative disease | 0.26 (0.01–2.32) | 0.31 | 0.89 | 0.74 (0.07–7.34) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Digestive | ||||||
| Gastropathy | 1.86 (0.36–14.99) | 0.70 | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.20–5.59) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | 0.74 (0.07–7.34) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.26 (0.01–2.32) | 0.31 | 0.97 |
| Other liver disease | 3.14 (0.38–137.63) | 0.13 | 0.69 | 2.11 (0.24–61.97) | 0.63 | 1.00 |
| Respiratory | ||||||
| Asthma | 1.42 (0.11–45.48) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.39 (0.01–4.94) | 0.57 | 1.00 |
| COPD | 1.28 (0.43–4.14) | 0.79 | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.32–2.93) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Other lung disease | 2.11 (0.24–61.97) | 0.63 | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.07–7.34) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Other | ||||||
| Thyroid disease | 0.60 (0.18–2.00) | 0.55 | 1.00 | 0.42 (0.12–1.40) | 0.23 | 0.97 |
| Chronic anaemia | 0.72 (0.20–2.53) | 0.76 | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.30–3.87) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Block 2: pharmacological treatments | ||||||
| Haematological | ||||||
| Antiplatelet agents | 1.46 (0.63–3.53) | 0.40 | 0.96 | 1.22 (0.52–2.89) | 0.67 | 1.00 |
| Anticoagulants | 0.81 (0.28–2.39) | 0.79 | 1.00 | 1.43 (0.49–4.58) | 0.60 | 1.00 |
| Analgesics | ||||||
| Paracetamol | 0.77 (0.35–1.71) | 0.55 | 1.00 | 1.47 (0.66–3.33) | 0.42 | 1.00 |
| NSAIDs | 0.24 (0.03–1.13) | 0.07 | 0.47 | 0.43 (0.08–1.93) | 0.28 | 0.97 |
| Opioids | 0.85 (0.26–2.91) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.26–2.91) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Systemic corticosteroids | 4.00 (0.48–166.87) | 0.07 | 0.47 | 1.10 (0.16–9.81) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Antihistamines | 0.75 (0.09–57.36) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.09–57.36) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Antidiabetic | ||||||
| Insulin | 0.72 (0.18–2.87) | 0.74 | 1.00 | 0.47 (0.11–1.81) | 0.32 | 0.97 |
| Metformin | 1.48 (0.54–4.35) | 0.46 | 1.00 | 1.48 (0.54–4.35) | 0.46 | 1.00 |
| Other oral antidiabetic drugs | 2.67 (0.59–20.59) | 0.29 | 0.89 | 0.92 (0.22–4.10) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Cardiovascular | ||||||
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 1.56 (0.62–4.11) | 0.37 | 0.96 | 0.45 (0.18–1.11) | 0.11 | 0.64 |
| Diuretics | 0.69 (0.31–1.52) | 0.42 | 0.96 | 1.11 (0.50–2.46) | 0.84 | 1.00 |
| Beta blockers | 0.46 (0.15–1.34) | 0.18 | 0.80 | 0.35 (0.11–1.01) | 0.06 | 0.48 |
| ACE inhibitors | 1.41 (0.59–3.50) | 0.51 | 1.00 | 1.72 (0.72–4.36) | 0.27 | 0.97 |
| ARA 2 | 2.12 (0.77–6.56) | 0.22 | 0.89 | 0.62 (0.23–1.64) | 0.33 | 0.97 |
| Other antihypertensives | 0.60 (0.25–1.41) | 0.28 | 0.89 | 1.04 (0.44–2.50) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Antiarrhythmics | 2.67 (0.59–20.59) | 0.29 | 0.89 | 2.67 (0.59–20.50) | 0.29 | 0.97 |
| Respiratory | ||||||
| Inhaled anticholinergics | 1.04 (0.30–3.87) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.72 (0.20–2.53) | 0.76 | 1.00 |
| ß2 inhaled agonists | 1.38 (0.43–4.94) | 0.77 | 1.00 | 0.71 (0.22–2.30) | 0.57 | 1.00 |
| Inhaled corticosteroids | 1.78 (0.45–9.18) | 0.51 | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.29–4.82) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Other inhalers | 0.74 (0.02–29.56) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.02–29.56) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| CNS | ||||||
| Sedatives | 1.64 (0.70–4.04) | 0.29 | 0.89 | 0.78 (0.33–1.84) | 0.67 | 1.00 |
| Antidepressants | 1.09 (0.49–2.45) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.35–1.75) | 0.68 | 1.00 |
| Antipsychotics | 1.72 (0.72–4.36) | 0.27 | 0.89 | 1.72 (0.72–4.36) | 0.27 | 0.97 |
| Anti-epileptics | 2.11 (0.24–61.97) | 0.63 | 1.00 | 2.11 (0.24–61.97) | 0.63 | 1.00 |
| Antiparkinsonians | 2.11 (0.24–61.97) | 0.63 | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.07-(7.34) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Other drugs with effect on the CNS | 0.37 (0.10–1.18) | 0.09 | 0.54 | 0.52 (0.15–1.64) | 0.26 | 0.97 |
| Other therapies | ||||||
| Antacids | 1.32 (0.60–2.93) | 0.55 | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.44–2.13) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Block 3: clinical presentation | ||||||
| Dyspnoea | 2.92 (1.30–6.78) | 0.01 | 0.21 | 2.92 (1.30–6.78) | 0.014 | 0.21 |
| Cough | 0.92 (0.41–2.07) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.34 (0.15–0.77) | 0.014 | 0.21 |
| Fever | 2.20 (0.94–5.26) | 0.09 | 0.53 | 1.28 (0.54–2.99) | 0.67 | 1.00 |
| Diarrhoea | 0.71 (0.24–2.13) | 0.58 | 1.00 | 0.71 (0.24–2.13) | 0.59 | 1.00 |
| Arthromyalgia | 0.73 (0.12–4.47) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.15 (0.01–1.03) | 0.08 | 0.57 |
| Asthenia | 0.55 (0.21–1.43) | 0.23 | 0.89 | 0.20 (0.07–0.56) | 0.003 | 0.09 |
| Confusion | 0.50 (o.13–1.71) | 0.35 | 0.96 | 2.37 (0.64–11.82) | 0.23 | 0.97 |
| Psychomotor agitation | 0.39 (0.01–4.94) | 0.57 | 1.00 | 2.32 (0.28–109.54) | 0.26 | 0.97 |
| X-ray, affected quadrantsb | 2.42 (l.05) vs. 1.68 (1.37) | 0.004 | 0.10 | 2.33 (1.2) vs. 1.8 (1.25) | 0.039 | 0.36 |
| CRP, mg/dL in emergency departmentb | 187.84 (110.14) vs. 104.4 (95.56) | 0.027 | 0.30 | 175.82 (118.44) vs. 105.58 (80.72) |
0.08 | 0.57 |
| Basal oxygen saturation (emergency department)b | 83.35 (11.47) vs. 91.84 (6.46) | 0.0001 | 0.006 | 83.74 (11.34) vs. 90.9 (7.87) | 0.001 | 0.036 |
| Mean dif. (95% CI) | p value | Padj | Mean dif. (95% CI) | p value | Padj | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Block 4: laboratory parametersc | ||||||
| Haemoglobin, g/L | −0.03 (−0.99 to 0.93) | 0.95 | 1.00 | −0.07 (−1.03 to 0.88) | 0.96 | 1.00 |
| Platelets, 109/L | 47.16 (−3.27 to 97.58) | 0.037 | 0.35 | 12.10 (−39.12 to 63.32) | 0.94 | 1.00 |
| Neutrophils, 109/L | 0.12 (−1.84 to 2.08) | 0.79 | 1.00 | −1.24 (−3.10 to 0.62) | 0.38 | 1.00 |
| Lymphocytes, 109/L | 0.44 (0.02–0.87) | 0.06 | 0.47 | 0.38 (0.01–0.76) | 0.022 | 0.24 |
| Eosinophils, 109/L | 0.24 (−0.05 to 0.53) | 0.019 | 0.29 | 0.07 (−0.21 to 0.34) | 0.60 | 1.00 |
| Prothrombin time, INR | 0.12 (−0.13 to 0.36) | 0.55 | 1.00 | 0.00 (−0.21 to 0.22) | 0.53 | 1.00 |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | −695.79 (−2,349.74 to 911.78) | 0.26 | 0.89 | −1,503.07 (−3,038.81 to 32.67) | 0.06 | 0.48 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL | −142.73 (−448.44 to 162.99) | 0.54 | 1.00 | −7.78 (−294.29 to 278.74) | 0.88 | 1.00 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | −20.55 (−48.34 to 7.24) | 0.18 | 0.80 | −8.41 (−36.37 to 19.55) | 0.33 | 0.97 |
| Serum sodium, mEq/L | 0.32 (−3.28 to 3.93) | 0.87 | 1.00 | −6.56 (−9.67 to −3.46) | 0.0001 | 0.006 |
| Cr, mg/dL | −0.12 (−0.52 to 0.28) | 0.07 | 0.47 | −0.38 (−0.77 to 0.01) | 0.005 | 0.12 |
| Urea, mg/dL | −0.74 (−24.40 to 22.92) | 0.25 | 0.89 | −38.43 (−58.56 to −18.30) | 0.0001 | 0.006 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, IU/L | 13.63 (−3.52 to 30.79) | 0.12 | 0.69 | −7.66 (−25.01 to 9.69) | 0.30 | 0.97 |
| AST, IU/L | −19.65 (−42.3 to 2.83) | 0.028 | 0.30 | −21.06 (−43.56 to 1.44) | 0.016 | 0.21 |
| ALT, IU/L | −8.31 (−15.24 to −1.38) | 0.012 | 0.21 | −1.28 (−8.55 to 5.98) | 0.92 | 1.00 |
| GGTP, IU/L | −9.36 (−24.45 to 5.73) | 0.40 | 0.96 | −6.41 (−21.66 to 8.85) | 0.31 | 0.97 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.08 (−0.16 to 0.32) | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.13 (−0.11 to 0.37) | 0.69 | 1.00 |
| LDH, U/L | −111.27 (−167.70 to −54.83) | 0.0001 | 0.006 | −82.88 (−139.31 to −26.44) | 0.006 | 0.12 |
| CRP at admission, mg/L | −5.75 (−10.49 to −1.02) | 0.004 | 0.10 | −55.8 (−103.5 to −8.2) | 0.019 | 0.22 |
| Ferritin, µg/L | −387.82 (−642.31 to −133.33) | 0.004 | 0.10 | 206.55 (−58.34 to 471.45) | 0.68 | 1.00 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | −0.01 (−1.13 to 1.10) | 0.27 | 0.89 | −0.10 (−1.13 to 0.93) | 0.70 | 1.00 |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 0.07 (−1.74 to 1.88) | 0.31 | 0.89 | −1.03 (−2.71 to 0.66) | 0.18 | 0.88 |
| Arterial oxygen, mm Hg | 6.30 (−9.32 to 21.93) | 0.53 | 1.00 | 12.42 (−3.00 to 27.85) | 0.36 | 1.00 |
| Arterial carbon dioxide, mm Hg | 0.89 (−1.34 to 3.12) | 0.81 | 1.00 | 1.70 (−0.50 to 3.91) | 0.42 | 1.00 |
| Serum bicarbonate, mmol/L | 1.00 (−0.73 to 2.73) | 0.51 | 1.00 | 1.24 (−0.49 to 2.97) | 0.65 | 1.00 |
| Blood pH | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.04) | 0.32 | 0.89 | −0.00 (−0.03 to 0.03) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
OR, odds ratio; SD, standard deviation; 95% CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; ACE inhibitors, inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARA2, angiotensin 2 receptor antagonists; CNS, central nervous system; CRP, C-reactive protein; INR, international normalized ratio; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGTP, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.
a
In the case that any cell had a value of 0, for the calculation of the OR, a normal approximation was performed with adjustment for small samples.
b
For these variables, the results represent mean (SD).
c
For the laboratory parameters, the values of p and Padj come from the bivariate analysis of the logarithmically transformed parameter.