Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with respect to medications exposure
| Full sample | % | ACEI/ARB | % | No ACEI/ARB | % | p value | CCB | % | No CCB | % | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 841 | 111 | 13.19 | 730 | 86.80 | 277 | 32.93 | 564 | 67.06 | |||
| Age, mean (SD) | 57.9 (20) | 66.1 (15.4) | 56.6 (20.3) | <0.001 | 64.6 (15.2) | 54.6 (21.2) | <0.001 | |||||
| <50 | 256 | 30.44 | 14 | 12.61 | 242 | 33.15 | 45 | 16.25 | 211 | 37.41 | ||
| 50-65 | 244 | 29.01 | 34 | 30.63 | 210 | 28.77 | 83 | 29.96 | 161 | 28.55 | ||
| ≥65 | 341 | 40.55 | 63 | 56.76 | 278 | 38.08 | 149 | 53.79 | 192 | 34.04 | ||
| Female | 424 | 50.42 | 58 | 52.25 | 366 | 50.14 | 0.685 | 158 | 57.04 | 266 | 47.16 | 0.008 |
| Race | ||||||||||||
| Black | 707 | 84.07 | 94 | 84.68 | 613 | 83.97 | 0.142 | 238 | 85.92 | 469 | 83.16 | 0.047 |
| White | 53 | 6.3 | 10 | 9.01 | 43 | 5.89 | 22 | 7.94 | 31 | 5.5 | ||
| Others | 51 | 6.06 | 3 | 2.7 | 48 | 6.58 | 10 | 3.61 | 41 | 7.27 | ||
| Unknown | 30 | 3.57 | 4 | 3.6 | 26 | 3.56 | 7 | 2.53 | 23 | 4.08 | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Hispanic or Latino | 53 | 6.3 | 4 | 3.6 | 49 | 6.71 | 0.293 | 9 | 3.25 | 44 | 7.8 | 0.01 |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 763 | 90.73 | 104 | 93.69 | 659 | 90.27 | 264 | 95.31 | 499 | 88.48 | ||
| Unknown | 25 | 2.97 | 3 | 2.7 | 22 | 3.01 | 4 | 1.44 | 21 | 3.72 | ||
| Hypertension | 453 | 53.86 | 85 | 76.58 | 368 | 50.41 | <0.001 | 208 | 75.09 | 245 | 43.44 | <0.001 |
| CAD | 184 | 21.88 | 34 | 30.63 | 150 | 20.55 | 0.019 | 95 | 34.3 | 59 | 15.78 | <0.001 |
| CHF | 219 | 26.04 | 53 | 47.75 | 166 | 22.74 | <0.001 | 116 | 41.88 | 103 | 18.26 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 348 | 41.38 | 67 | 60.36 | 281 | 38.49 | <0.001 | 146 | 52.71 | 202 | 35.82 | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 23 | 2.73 | 9 | 8.11 | 14 | 1.92 | 0.001 | 15 | 5.42 | 8 | 1.42 | 0.001 |
| AFib | 103 | 12.25 | 31 | 27.93 | 72 | 9.86 | <0.001 | 62 | 22.38 | 41 | 7.27 | <0.001 |
| PVD | 36 | 4.28 | 6 | 5.41 | 30 | 4.11 | 0.459 | 25 | 9.03 | 11 | 1.95 | <0.001 |
| CKD | 209 | 24.85 | 40 | 36.04 | 169 | 23.15 | 0.005 | 104 | 37.55 | 105 | 18.62 | <0.001 |
| ESRD | 61 | 7.25 | 8 | 7.21 | 53 | 7.26 | 1 | 31 | 11.19 | 30 | 5.32 | 0.003 |
| Cancer | 91 | 10.82 | 19 | 17.12 | 72 | 9.86 | 0.032 | 47 | 16.97 | 44 | 7.8 | <0.001 |
| Obesity | 321 | 38.17 | 49 | 44.14 | 272 | 37.26 | 0.174 | 124 | 44.77 | 197 | 34.93 | 0.007 |
| Morbid obesity | 127 | 15.1 | 16 | 14.41 | 111 | 15.21 | 0.888 | 46 | 16.61 | 81 | 14.36 | 0.413 |
| Associated medication use | ||||||||||||
| Beta blocker | 109 | 12.96 | 51 | 45.95 | 58 | 7.95 | <0.001 | 109 | 39.35 | 0 | 0 | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretic | 66 | 7.85 | 21 | 18.92 | 45 | 6.16 | <0.001 | 66 | 23.83 | 0 | 0 | <0.001 |
| Spironolactone | 29 | 3.45 | 9 | 8.11 | 20 | 2.74 | 0.009 | 29 | 10.47 | 0 | 0 | <0.001 |
| Thiazide/thiazide-like | 60 | 7.13 | 30 | 27.03 | 30 | 4.11 | <0.001 | 60 | 21.66 | 0 | 0 | <0.001 |
| diuretic | ||||||||||||
| Other antihypertensives | 31 | 3.69 | 14 | 12.61 | 17 | 2.33 | <0.001 | 31 | 11.19 | 0 | 0 | <0.001 |
| Statin | 120 | 14.27 | 55 | 49.55 | 65 | 8.9 | <0.001 | 120 | 43.32 | 0 | 0 | <0.001 |
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; CCB, calcium channel blockers.