Figure 1.

Both pro- and ani-inflammatory responses play critical roles in TB pathogenesis. (Left) Proinflammatory responses and tissue remodeling in TB are important for bacterial clearance but may lead to excessive inflammation and persisting lung damage. Adjunct modulation of lung remodeling (for example, via TNFα or MMP inhibition) or inflammation (for example, by corticosteroids) may improve the outcome of TB therapy. Inhibition of PARP1, an essential NF-κB, TNFα and MMP cofactor and driver of lung inflammation, may be similarly beneficial. (Right) Anti-inflammatory responses safeguard against tissue damage but may result in less than desirable bacterial clearance. These responses are often mediated by immunosuppressive cell populations, such as MDSCs, Tregs and M2 macrophages. Inhibition or elimination of these cell types may be achieved using the inhibitors shown. This figure was created using BioRender.