Table 1.

Randomized Controlled Trials for Digital-Based Interventions for Obesity and Eating Behavior Problems from 2017 to 2020

Study	Population	Study design			Delivery digital device			Outcomes					Adherence (estimated), %
		Intervention	Duration	Control	Smartphone	Web	Wearable	BW	Anthropometrics	LT	BT	Psych
Spring et al. (2017) [18]	Adults with obesity (n=96)	Technology-supported (TECH)	6 mo	Self-guided (SELF), standard (STND)	O	O	X	Δ	↓↓	-	-	-	O
Nezami et al. (2018) [16]	Mother with overweight & obesity, a child ages 3–5 yr (n=51)	Smart group (mobile supported)	6 mo	Placebo	O	X	X	↓↓	-	-	-	-	85
Spring et al. (2018) [19]	Adults age 18–65 yr (n=212)	Temporally simultaneous intervention	12 wk	Sequential (digital sham), control	O	X	X	-	-	-	Δ	-	82
Kim et al. (2019) [20]	Old adults (mean age 60) with diabetes (n=136)	Mobile-based glucose diary	24 wk	Usual care (paper diary)	O	X	X	X	X	↓↓	-	X	-
Fitzsimmons-Craft et al. (2020) [17]	Women with eating disorders (n=690)	CBT-guided Self-help	8 mo	Usual care	O	X	X	-	-	-	↓↓	↓	31
Lowe et al. (2020) [21]	Women+Men adults with BMI 27–43 (n=141)	Time-restricted eating	12 wk	Consistent meal timing	O	X	O	X	LBM ↓↓	X	-	X	84
Kim et al. (2020) [15]	Overweight and obese women adults (n=70)	Human-based digital CBT	8 wk	Self-help using app (digital sham)	O	O	X	↓↓	↓↓	↓↓	↓↓	↓↓	80

BW, body weight; LT, lab test; BT, behavioral test; Psych, psychological assessment; O, used; X, no difference; Δ, mixed results among the measures; ↓↓, (statistically) significantly decreased; −, not assessed; CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; ↓, reported decreasing trend; BMI, body mass index; LBM, lean body mass.